In research, a control is used as a baseline measure for comparison and helps scientists investigate what happens when they change something in a study.
In clinical trials, control groups often serve to compare outcomes of different interventions (e.g. different treatments) to work out how well the intervention works compared to the current standard.
For example, the control group of a clinical trial would receive the standard treatment or placebo, and the outcomes would be compared to the treatment group who receive a new treatment