Cancer of unknown primary (CUP)

Glossary

Cancer of unknown primary (CUP)

What is cancer of unknown primary?

Cancer of unknown primary (CUP) is a secondary cancer that has spread to a new location from somewhere else in the body. It’s not clear where in the body it started, so the primary cancer is unknown.

– Jane

For most people diagnosed with cancer, the primary cancer is easy to identify. Doctors conduct tests to find out where the cancer started to grow and to see if it has spread.

When cancer is found in one or more secondary sites but it is not clear from the test results where the cancer began, the cancer is usually known as cancer of unknown primary, or CUP. Health professionals may also call it metastasis of unknown origin (MUO), metastatic malignancy of unknown primary, or occult primary cancer.

Because it is a secondary cancer, CUP is considered advanced cancer. This means that in some cases, treatment focuses on controlling symptoms. In other cases, doctors actively treat the cancer while still making sure that symptoms are well managed. Your doctor will discuss the best approach for you.

Learn more about:

How can doctors tell it is a secondary cancer?

To diagnose secondary cancer, a specialist doctor called a pathologist examines the cancer cells under a microscope. The pathologist can see that the cancer cells do not belong to or originate in the surrounding tissue, and this can be confirmed by further laboratory tests. With CUP, the cancer cells could possibly have come from a number of places but no primary cancer can be found.

Why can't the primary cancer be found?

There could be several reasons why the primary cancer cannot be found. It may be that:

  • the secondary cancer has grown and spread quickly, but the primary cancer is still too small to be seen on scans
  • your immune system has destroyed the primary cancer, but not the secondary cancer
  • the primary cancer cannot be seen on x-rays, scans or endoscopies because it is hidden by a secondary cancer that has grown close to it
  • the primary cancer was removed during surgery for another condition without doctors realising the cancer was there, so some cancer cells remained behind and have since spread
  • there may never have been a detectable primary cancer mass – a single cell may have changed into cancerous cells and then spread through the body.

Does it matter that the primary cancer can't be found?

Finding the primary cancer helps doctors decide what treatment to recommend. If it can’t be found, the treatment path can be less clear but treatment can still be given. To help plan the treatment, your doctor will try to learn as much as possible about the spread of the cancer, the cells involved, your symptoms and your medical history.

What causes CUP?

Different cases of CUP will have different causes, but without knowing where the cancer started, it’s difficult to be specific. Cancer is a group of more than 200 different diseases. Each type of cancer has different risk factors, such as getting older, eating an unhealthy diet, smoking, drinking too much alcohol, being overweight or certain infections. These risk factors may play a role in some cases of CUP.

Who gets CUP?

CUP is the 11th most common cancer in Australian women and the 12th most common cancer in Australian men.3 There are over 2500 new cases of CUP diagnosed each year in Australia. For both women and men, CUP is more likely to occur over the age of 60.

What are the different types of CUP?

Even if tests can’t find where the cancer started, your doctor will try to work out what type of cell the cancer developed from. Knowing the type of cell helps doctors work out what sort of treatment is most likely to be helpful. Most cancers are cancers of the epithelial cells. These are found in the cells lining the skin and internal organs. Cancers that start in epithelial tissue are called carcinomas. In most people with CUP, doctors can tell that they have some sort of carcinoma. There are different types of carcinoma depending on which type of epithelial cell is affected. See table below for more information.

Adenocarcinoma
  • Adenocarcinoma develops from glandular cells, which form part of the lining of many organs.
  • Common primary sites include the breast, colon, prostate, stomach, pancreas, liver and lungs.
  • Adenocarcinoma makes up about 50% of CUP.
Poorly differentiated carcinoma
  • This means there is enough detail to tell that the cells are a carcinoma, but there is not enough detail to work out the type of cancer.
  • About 30% of people with CUP have a poorly differentiated carcinoma.
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
  • This carcinoma develops from squamous cells, which are thin, flat cells normally found on the surface of the skin or the lining of certain organs.
  • Common primary sites include the head and neck area, skin, oesophagus, lungs, vagina and cervix.
  • SCC makes up about 10–15% of CUP.
Undifferentiated neoplasm
  • Neoplasm is another word for tumour. In an undifferentiated neoplasm, the cells can be identified as cancerous, but it is not possible to work out whether they are a carcinoma, sarcoma, melanoma or another form of cancer.
  • About 5% of people with CUP have an undifferentiated neoplasm.
Neuroendocrine carcinoma
  • This carcinoma develops from specialised nerve cells that sometimes produce hormones.
  • Common primary sites include the pancreas and gastrointestinal tract.
  • About 3% of people with CUP have a neuroendocrine carcinoma.

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Kobo

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  • download and save the EPUB directly onto your desktop.
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  • navigate to where you have stored your EPUB file in “Finder”, in documents or downloads, and drag and drop it into the Kobo window. You can now disconnect your Kobo to read the eBook.

To download an EPUB to your Kobo from a Mac:

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  • open your “Finder” application.
  • select “Kobo eReader” from the listed devices to view the contents of your Kobo.
  • navigate to where you have stored your EPUB file in “Finder”, probably in documents or downloads, and drag and drop it into the Kobo window. You can now disconnect your Kobo to read the eBook.

Turn on your Kobo and your EPUB will be located in “eBooks”, while a PDF will be located in “Documents”.
Need more information? Visit: http://www.kobo.com/help/koboaura/response/?id=3784&type=3

Sony Reader

To download an EPUB file on your Sony Reader™:

  • ensure you have already installed the Reader™ Library for PC/Mac software
  • select the eBook you want from our website and click the link to download it.
  • connect the Reader™ to your computer.
  • open the Reader™ Library software and click “Library” in the left-hand pane and select the eBook to view it.

Need more help? Visit: https://au.readerstore.sony.com/apps_and_devices/

Amazon Kindle 2nd Generation devices

EPUB files can’t be read on the Amazon Kindle™. However, like most eReaders, Kindle™ 2nd Generation devices are able to display PDFs. We recommend that you download the PDF version of this booklet if you would like to read it on a Kindle™.
To transfer a PDF to your Kindle™ via USB cable from your computer or Mac:

  • download the PDF directly onto your computer.
  • connect the USB cable to your computer’s USB port, and the micro USB end of the cable to your Kindle™. Note: the Kindle™ won’t be available as a reading device while it is connected to your computer until it has been disconnected.
  • open the Kindle™ drive and several folders will appear inside. The “Documents” folder is where you will need to copy or drag the PDF to.
  • safely eject your Kindle™ from your computer and unplug the USB cable. Your content will appear on the Home Screen.

Kindle also provides a Kindle Personal Documents Service that allows users to send documents as an attachment directly to your eReader. For more information on this service, visit http://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html/ref=help_search_1-1?ie=UTF8&nodeId=200767340&qid=1395967989&sr=1-1
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This information was last reviewed in May 2018
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