The words listed here are common cancer terms that your doctor and other health professionals may use when working with you.

Do you have a word that is not listed here? Just email us the word and we will add it to the list with the appropriate meaning. Add this word to the list

A | B | C | D | E | F | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N
O | P | Q | R | S | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z

A

abdomen
The part of the body between the chest and hips, which contains the stomach, liver, bowel, bladder and kidneys.

abdominoperineal (AP) resection
An extensive operation for rectal cancer, which involves removal of the rectum, sewing up of the anus and a permanent colostomy.

accelerated radiotherapy
Receiving a higher dose of radiotherapy in a shortened period of time.

achalasia
The inability of the oesophagus to move food down into the stomach.

acral lentiginous melanoma
A rare type of cutaneous melanoma most commonly found on the palms of the hands, soles of the feet or under the nails.

active ingredient
The compound in a medicine that works on the body.

active surveillance
When a person does not receive treatment, but instead has their health monitored regularly. Sometimes called watchful waiting.

acupuncture
A traditional form of Chinese medicine in which fine, sterile needles are inserted into points along the energy channels in the body to rebalance energy and reduce symptoms of ill health.

acute leukaemia
A fast-growing cancer that causes large numbers of white blood cells, known as blast cells, to be produced and enter the bloodstream.

acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (ALL)
A fast-growing leukaemia in which too many immature white blood cells from the lymphoid family (called lymphoblasts) are found in the blood and bone marrow. Also called acute lymphatic leukaemia.

acute myeloid leukaemia (AML)
A fast-growing leukaemia in which too many immature white blood cells from the myeloid family (called myeloblasts) are found in the blood and bone marrow.

acute pain
Pain that is severe but lasts a short time.

Adam’s apple
The laryngeal prominence. This is the protrusion in the neck caused by cartilage around the thyroid and larynx.

adenocarcinoma
A cancer that starts in the glandular tissue.

adenoma
A benign growth of glandular tissue. Adenomas are usually benign but can become malignant. They can grow from many organs in the body, such as the colon and thyroid.

adenomatous
Relates to an adenoma.

adenopathy
Large or swollen lymph glands.

adenosquamous carcinoma
A type of endometrial cancer.

adhesion
Scar tissue that forms between surfaces inside the body.

adjuvant analgesic
Pain relief that is given with or shortly after the primary treatment.

adjuvant therapy
A treatment given with or shortly after another treatment to enhance its effectiveness.

adrenal glands
Triangular glands resting on top of each kidney that produce adrenaline and other hormones.

advance health care directive
A legal document that outlines a person’s specific wishes for future medical care. Also called living will.

advanced cancer
Cancer that has spread deeply into the surrounding tissues or away from the original site (metastasised) and is less likely to be cured.

advocacy
Campaigning, speaking out publicly and making recommendations for positive change on behalf of other people.

agent
A general term for drugs or substances used in the treatment of illness.

aggressive lymphoma
A fast-growing type of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

airways
The tubes that carry air into the lungs, including the trachea and bronchi.

allogeneic transplantation
A transplant where the cells or tissues are taken from one person
and given to another.

alpha-fetoprotein (AFP)
A chemical that is used to determine if certain cancers are present. Doctors monitor the level of AFP to see how successful treatment has been.

alternative therapies
Therapies that are used in place of conventional treatment, often in the hope that they will provide a cure.

alveoli
The tiny air sacs in the lungs, where oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide leaves it.

amelanotic melanoma
A rare type of cutaneous melanoma.

amyloidosis
A build-up of thick fibrous tissue called amyloid tissue that can impair the way some organs work. Some people with myeloma also have amyloidosis.

anaemia
Deficiency in the number or quality of red blood cells in the body.

anaesthetic
A drug that stops a person feeling pain during a medical procedure. A local anaesthetic numbs part of the body; a general anaesthetic causes a person to lose consciousness for a period of time.

analgesic
A drug or natural remedy used to relieve pain without causing loss of consciousness.

anal sphincter
See sphincter.

anaplastic thyroid cancer
A rare type of thyroid cancer.

anastomosis
The joining together of two tubes, such as two cut ends of the bowel.

androgens
Male sex hormones that produce male physical characteristics such as facial hair or a deep voice. The main androgen hormone, testosterone, is produced by the testicles.

anecdotal evidence
Proof to validate something that is based on people’s individual experiences and has not been scientifically tested.

angiogenesis
The formation of new blood vessels. This enables tumours to develop their own blood supply, which helps them to survive and grow.

angiogenesis inhibitors
A targeted drug therapy that attacks developing blood vessels so the cancer cells can’t grow and spread.

anterior resection
A surgical procedure in which cancer in the rectum is removed.

antibody
Part of the body’s immune system. Antibodies are proteins made by the blood in response to an invader (antigen) in the body. They help protect against viruses, bacteria and other foreign substances.

anti-depressant
Medication to help relieve the symptoms of depression.

anti-oestrogens
Drugs used to treat cancer that depend on hormones to grow.

anus
The opening at the end of the digestive tract, through which bowel motions are passed.

apoptosis
A type of programmed (normal) cell death. This the body’s normal way of getting rid of damaged, unneeded or unwanted cells.

APC gene
The name given to the gene which, when mutated, causes FAP. Normally, this gene 'APC' stands for adenomatous polyposis coli.

appendix
A small tube hanging off the end of the cecum.

aromatase inhibitors
Drugs that help prevent the growth of oestrogen-dependent cancer cells by reducing the amount of oestrogen in a postmenopausal woman’s body.

aromatherapy
The use of essential oils extracted from plants to improve mood, physical symptoms and general well-being.

arterial embolisation
A treatment for kidney cancer in which the artery that feeds the diseased kidney is blocked. This causes the kidney and the tumour inside it to die.

artery
A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart.

asbestos
A naturally occurring mineral that forms long, crystallised fibres. Formerly used in manufacturing and building, asbestos use is now banned in Australia because its fibres can cause serious illness.

asbestosis
A slowly progressing benign lung disease caused by asbestos.

ascending colon
The right side of the colon.

ascites
Fluid build-up in the abdomen, making it swollen and bloated.

aspiration
Inhaling food or drink into the lungs.

astrocyte
A type of glial cell (nerve cell).

astrocytoma
A type of malignant brain tumour.

atypia
Slight changes in the cells of the cervix. These are not cancer but could be precancerous abnormalities.

atypical ductal hyperplasia
A non-cancerous condition of the cells in the lining of the milk ducts in the breast.

autologous transplantation
A transplant where tissue is taken from a person’s body and reimplanted into their body.

axilla
The armpit.

axillary lymph nodes
Lymph nodes in and around the armpit.

axillary surgery
The removal of some lymph nodes in the armpit, to check whether cancer has spread.

B

Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG)
A bacterium similar to the one responsible for tuberculosis, which is used to treat some bladder cancers.

barium enema
An examination of the bowel area. In this test, a barium-filled tube is inserted into the rectum and x-rays are taken.

barium meal
A diagnostic test. The patient drinks liquid (barium) that coats the upper GI tract, including the stomach and small bowel, and has x-rays.

barium swallow
A diagnostic test. The patient drinks liquid (barium) that coats the pharynx and oesophagus and has x-rays.

Barrett’s oesophagus
Abnormal changes in the cells that line the lower oesophagus. This may be a risk factor for oesophageal cancer.

Bartholin’s glands
Small glands on each side of the vagina that secrete mucus to lubricate the vagina.

basal cell
One of the three types of cells that make up the skin’s epidermis (top) layer.

basal cell carcinoma (BCC)
A type of skin cancer that begins in the basal cells of the epidermis (top) layer of the skin.

B-cell
A type of white blood cell that matures in lymphatic organs.

Bence Jones protein
The name for a protein found in the urine. The protein is associated with multiple myeloma.

benefit
The amount paid by an insurer for a service.

benign
Not cancerous or malignant.

benign prostate enlargement
A non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate that pushes against the urethra and the bladder blocking the flow of urine.

beta human chorionic gonadotrophin
A chemical found in the bloodstream of some men who have testicular cancer.

bilateral mastectomy
Surgical removal of both breasts.

bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy
Surgical removal of both ovaries and Fallopian tubes.

bile
A fluid made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder that helps with the digestion of fats.

bile duct
The passage through which bile from the liver passes to the duodenum.

biological-based therapies
In the complementary therapy industry, a term covering therapies such as herbal remedies, vitamins and other dietary supplements, which are taken internally and can affect the body’s way of working.

biological therapies
A range of medicines made from purified versions of chemicals that are naturally made in the body. They include monoclonal antibodies and immunotherapy. Also called biotherapies.

biopsy
The removal of a small sample of tissue from the body, for examination under a microscope, to help diagnose a disease.

Birt-Hogg-Dubé syndrome (BHD)
A rare disorder that causes benign tumours of the hair follicles and may increase the risk of kidney tumours.

bisphosphonate
A type of drug that protects against bone breakdown.

bladder
The hollow muscular organ that stores urine.

bladder reconstruction
The surgical creation of a new bladder from part of the bowel.

blast cells
Immature white blood cells.

blinded trial/study
A study in which participants do not know which treatment they are getting.

bloating
A full, uncomfortable feeling in the abdomen.

blood
A watery body fluid that flows through the circulatory system. Blood comprises plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

blood count
A test that counts the number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in the blood.

body-based practices (bodywork)
A range of therapies that involve touching the body or the energy field surrounding the body.

bone marrow
The soft, spongy material inside bones. Bone marrow contains stem cells that produce red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

bone marrow biopsy
The removal of a small amount of bone marrow with a needle for examination under a microscope.

bone marrow transplantation
A procedure to replace bone marrow destroyed by high doses of chemotherapy treatment with healthy bone marrow.

bone scan
A diagnostic test. The patient is injected with radioactive substance and has scans to measure growth in their bones.

borderline tumour
A type of ovarian tumour that is not considered cancerous. This type of tumour tends to occur in young, premenopausal women.

bowel
The long, tube-shaped organ in the abdomen that is part of the digestive tract. The bowel has two parts: the small bowel and large bowel.

bowel obstruction
Blockage or clogging of the large bowel.

bowel preparation
The process of cleaning out the bowel before a test or scan.

brachytherapy
A type of radiotherapy treatment that implants radioactive material sealed in needles or seeds into or near cancerous cells. Also called internal radiotherapy.

breakthrough pain
A brief and often severe pain that occurs even though a person may be taking pain medication regularly.

breast
The gland in a woman that produces milk. The breast is made up of fat, connective tissue and lobes converging to the nipple.

breast care nurse
A nurse specially trained to provide information and support to people diagnosed with breast cancer.

breast conserving surgery
Surgery to remove part of the breast. Also called a lumpectomy.

breast form
An artificial breast worn in a bra cup or attached to the body to recreate the look of a natural breast. Also called a breast prosthesis.

breast reconstruction
The surgical rebuilding of a breast after mastectomy.

Breslow’s thickness
A description of a melanoma’s thickness in millimetres. Melanomas are classified as thin, intermediate or thick.

bronchiole
A small passage that carries air into the outer parts of the lungs.

bronchiolo-alveolar cell carcinoma
A type of non-small cell lung cancer.                                         

bronchitis
Inflammation of the bronchi caused by bacteria or viruses.

bronchoscope
A thin, lighted (fibreoptic) tube that is inserted into the windpipe through the mouth and throat.

bronchoscopy
A diagnostic test to examine the lungs and respiratory system.

bronchus/bronchi
Tubes in the respiratory system that carry air into the lungs.

bulk-bill
When a doctor bills Medicare directly and accepts the Medicare benefit as full payment.

C

CA125
A protein found in the blood. This protein is often higher than normal in women with ovarian cancer. High levels may also occur in women with common gynaecological conditions such as endometriosis or fibroids.

calcitonin
A hormone produced by the thyroid gland that controls calcium levels in the blood.

cancer
A disease of the body’s cells that starts in the genes. Damaged genes cause cells to behave abnormally, and they may grow into a lump called a tumour.

cancer survivor
A person who has finished their active cancer treatment. The doctor has told you that treatment has finished. You are free from any signs of cancer.

cannula
A plastic tube inserted into a narrow opening (usually a vein) so that fluids can be introduced or removed.

capacity
Having the ability to understand and think things through.

carbohydrate
The part of food made of sugars and starches. A good source of energy (kilojoules/calories).

carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
A chemical in the blood which, in part, can reflect the amount of cancer cells in the body.

carcinoid tumour
A type of cancer that affects hormone-producing cells.

carcinoma
A cancer that starts in the tissue lining the skin and internal organs of the body.

carcinoma in-situ
Cancer that involves only the cells in which it began. The cancer has not spread to nearby tissues.

carcinogens
A substance known to cause and/or promote cancer.

carer
A person who provides physical and/or emotional support to someone who is ill or disabled.

catheter
A hollow, flexible tube through which fluids can be passed into the body or drained from it.

cautery
A treatment technique that uses electric current to destroy tissue.

cecum
The pouch at the beginning of the large bowel that receives waste from the small bowel.

cells
The basic building blocks of the body. A human is made of billions of cells that are adapted for different functions.

central line
A type of central venous access device used to give direct access to a vein in the chest or neck.

central nervous system
The brain and the spinal cord.

central venous access device (CVAD)
A type of thin plastic tube inserted into a vein. The CVAD gives access to a vein so blood or chemotherapy can be given and blood can be taken. Types of CVADs include central lines, Hickman lines, peripherally inserted central catheters and port-a-caths.

cerebellum
A part of the brain concerned with the coordination of voluntary movements. It lies below the cerebrum.

cerebrospinal fluid
The clear, watery fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and the spinal cord.

cerebrum
The anterior part of the upper brain.

cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN)
Abnormal changes or growth in the surface layers of the cervix. These changes are not cancer but are precancerous cells. CIN is graded 1, 2 and 3, with CIN 3 being the highest level of abnormal changes.

cervical smear
See Pap smear.

cervix
The end of the uterus that forms a canal and extends into the vagina.

checkups
Medical appointments after treatment has finished. These appointments may also be called follow-up.

chemoembolisation
An alternative to standard chemotherapy. Chemotherapy is injected into the tumour directly, so stronger drugs can be used without creating as many side effects.

chemoradiation
Treatment that combines chemotherapy with radiotherapy.

chemotherapy
The use of cytotoxic drugs to treat cancer by killing cancer cells or slowing their growth.

chest cavity
The area enclosed by the ribs, above the diaphragm.

cholangiocarcinoma
Primary liver cancer that starts in the cells lining the bile duct.

cholangiogram
X-ray images of the bile duct and pancreatic duct.

chromosome
A thread-like structure found in the nucleus of all body cells (except red blood cells) made up of strings of proteins called genes.

chronic leukaemia
A slow-growing leukaemia that starts in the bone marrow and causes large numbers of white blood cells to be produced and enter the bloodstream.

chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (CLL)
A slow-growing leukaemia in which too many immature white blood cells (called blast cells or lymphoblasts) are found in the blood and bone marrow.

chronic myeloid leukaemia (CML)
A slow-growing leukaemia in which too many immature white blood cells of the myeloid family are found in the blood and bone marrow.

chronic pain
Pain that can range from mild to severe and lasts a long time.

Clark level
A number (1-5) that describes how far a melanoma has penetrated into the skin.

clear cell carcinoma
A type of endometrial cancer.

clear margin
When a malignant tumour is surgically removed some surrounding tissue will be removed with it. If this surrounding tissue does not contain any cancer cells it is said to be a clear margin.

climax
The peak of sexual response. Also known as orgasm.

clinical trial
A research study that tests new and better ways of improving people’s health.

clitoris
The main sexual pleasure organ for women. It is made up of erectile tissue with rich sensory nerve endings and becomes erect during arousal.

code of conduct
A list of professional rules that health care providers must follow so that patients receive safe, fair and ethical health care. 

coeliac disease
A benign digestive disease that affects nutrient absorption.

colectomy
A surgical procedure in which cancerous areas of the colon are cut out and the healthy parts of the colon are sewn back together.

colposcopy
The examination of the cervix with a magnifying instrument called a colposcope, to check for abnormalities.

colon
The main working area of the large intestine, where water is removed from solid waste. The colon’s four parts are the ascending colon, transverse colon, descending colon and sigmoid colon.

colonic J-pouch
An internal pouch surgically created using the lining of your small bowel. This pouch works as a rectum.

colonoscopy
An examination of the large and small bowel with a camera on a flexible tube (endoscope) passed through the anus.

colostomy
An operation in which the colon is attached to an opening in the abdomen.

colostomy bag
A bag that collects waste from a stoma.

colposcopy
The examination of the cervix with a magnifying instrument called a colposcope, to check for abnormalities.

complementary therapies
Supportive treatments that are used in conjunction with conventional treatment. They improve general health, well-being and quality of life, and help people cope with side effects of cancer.

computerised tomography scan
See CT scan.

conciliation
See mediation.

cone biopsy
The removal of a cone-shaped piece of the cervix for examination.

conformal radiotherapy
A treatment technique where the radiation beams are shaped to overlap (conform to) the shape of the tumour.

consent
When you agree to something.

constipation
Difficulty passing a bowel motion regularly or often.

contraindication
A medical condition or symptoms that would cause a person to have a bad reaction to a treatment.

continence
The control over bladder and bowel movements. See also incontinence.

control
Existing treatment that is being compared with a new treatment in a clinical trial. The control is generally the best standard treatment available.

controlled release morphine
An opioid medication (one of the strongest pain relievers) that lasts for eight to 12 hours.

controlled trial
A trial that compares two or more treatments to determine which is more effective.

conventional cancer treatment
Commonly used, scientifically validated treatments for cancer, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormone therapy, immunotherapy and pharmaceutical medications.

cordectomy
Surgery to remove a vocal cord.

corticoid steroids/corticosteroids
A class of drugs that are mostly used to reduce inflammation, and have been found to be effective in treating myeloma.

craniofacial resection
Surgical removal of a tumour involving a cut through the face.

cranio-pharyngioma
A type of benign brain tumour.

craniotomy
An operation to open the skull to access the brain.

Crohn’s disease
A benign type of inflammatory bowel disease that may increase a person’s risk of developing bowel cancer.

cryotherapy/cryosurgery
The process of inserting a probe into a cancerous tumour to freeze and destroy cancer cells.

CT scan
A computerised tomography scan. This type of scan uses x-rays to create a picture of the body.

curettage
The surgical removal of a growth using a curette (a spoon-shaped instrument with a sharp edge).

cutaneous melanoma
Melanoma that starts in the skin, rather than in the eye, nervous system or mucous membrane.

cystectomy
Surgical removal of part of the bladder (partial cystectomy) or all of the bladder and surrounding lymph nodes (radical cystectomy). In women, the uterus, Fallopian tubes, ovaries and a small section of vagina may also be removed. In men, the prostate and urethra are sometimes removed.

cystitis
Infection or inflammation of the bladder and urinary tract.

cystoscope
A thin, lighted-viewing instrument that is inserted into the urethra and advanced into the bladder.

cystoscopy
A procedure that uses a cystoscope to see inside the bladder and remove tissue samples or small tumours.

cytokines
Proteins that activate the immune system. Cytokines are used in immunotherapy.

cytology
The study of cells.

cytotoxic
Substances, such as chemotherapy, that are toxic to cells and so kill or slow their growth.

D

dendritic cells
Specialised cells that are part of the immune system.

dendritic cell vaccine
A vaccine that may be used to treat melanoma that has spread beyond the skin.

depression
Very low mood. Feeling sad, having no energy and being unable to change how you feel.

dermatologist
A doctor who specialises in the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of skin conditions.

dermis
The lower layer of two main layers that make up the skin.

descending colon
The left side of the colon.

desmoid tumour
A type of tumour that develops in fibrous tissue covering some organs and muscles.

desmoplastic melanoma
A rare type of cutaneous melanoma.

diabetes
A disorder in which sugars are not taken up in the body properly, because the pancreas does not produce enough of the necessary hormone (insulin). Diabetes may be a risk factor for some types of cancer.

diagnosis
The identification and naming of a person’s disease.

diaphragm
A dome-like sheet of muscle that divides the chest cavity from the abdomen and is used in breathing.

diarrhoea
Opening the bowels very frequently. Motions may be watery.

dietary supplement
Nourishment given to increase the nutritional intake of kilojoules/calories (energy), vitamins and minerals.

dietitian
A health professional who supports and educates patients about nutrition and diet during treatment and recovery.

digestion
The breaking down of food so it can be used by the body. Food is digested as it moves through the mouth, stomach and bowel.

digestive system
The body system that processes what a person eats, absorbs nutrients and disposes of sold waste.

digital rectal examination
An examination of the prostate or bowel by inserting a gloved finger into the rectum.

dilation and curettage (D&C)
When the cervix is dilated and the lining of the uterus (endometrium) is scraped out.

dose
The amount of medication taken.

double blind
A trial in which neither the patient nor their doctor knows what treatment the patient is receiving, to reduce bias.

duodenum
The first section of the small bowel.

dry orgasm
Sexual climax without the release of semen from the penis.

duct
The canal within the breast that passes milk from the lobules to the nipple.

ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS)
Abnormal cells in the breast ducts, which may develop into breast cancer.

dysphagia
Difficulty swallowing.

dysplasia
A change in size, shape and arrangement of normal cells. Dysplastic cells are precancerous, not cancerous. Also called cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN).

dysplastic naevus
A mole with irregular shape and patchy colour.

E

ectocervix
The outer layer of the cervix.

ejaculation
When semen passes through the urethra and out of the penis during an orgasm.

electrolyte
A substance in the body that conducts electricity.

emphysema
A benign condition in which the alveoli of the lungs are enlarged and damaged. It reduces the lung’s surface area, causing breathing difficulties.

endocervix
The cells lining the inside canal of the cervix.

endocrine system
The system of the body that produces hormones.

endocrinologist
A doctor who specialises in treating people with disorders of the endocrine system.

endometrial aspiration
Removing the lining of the uterus (endometrium) though a needle.

endometrial hyperplasia
An abnormal increase in the number of cells in the lining of the uterus (endometrium).

endometrial sampling
Taking a biopsy of the lining of the uterus to test for cancer or other conditions.

endometrial stromal sarcoma
A type of uterine sarcoma.

endometrium
The inner lining of the uterus or womb.

endorectal ultrasound
A type of ultrasound scan. A soundwave-generating device is inserted into the rectum, and a picture of the rectum appears on a screen.

endoscope
The flexible tube used during an endoscopy.

endoscope retrograde cholangio-pancreatography
A procedure used to examine the pancreas and bile duct. The doctor injects dye into the organs and creates x-ray pictures of the organs.

endoscopic mucosal resection (EMR)
A type of surgery for stomach cancer. Tissue is removed using an endoscope.

endoscopic ultrasound
A diagnostic test. An endoscope with a probe on the end is inserted into the body, and the probe releases soundwaves that are translated into a picture on a computer screen.

endoscopy
A type of examination or diagnostic test. A thin, flexible tube called an endoscope is used to examine the body.

enduring guardian or enduring power of guardianship
A person who has the power to make medical decisions for a person who loses the capacity to make their own decisions.

enduring power of attorney
The ability for a person to act on behalf of the person they are caring for on all financial matters.

enema
A type of liquid solution that washes out the bowels.

energy (calories or kilojoules)
Energy is counted in calories or kilojoules and provides fuel for our daily activities. Energy is provided by food and drink.

energy therapies
Therapies that work on the concept of energy or vital force surrounding or running through the body.

enteral feeding tube
A fine flexible plastic tube used to insert food directly into the stomach if a person is unable to eat.

enzymes
Proteins that are essential for the normal functioning and performance of the body. Enzymes aid digestion.

ependymoma
A type of malignant brain tumour.

epidermis
The top layer of the two main layers that make up the skin.

epidural
Anaesthetic drugs are injected directly into the spinal column. Also known as epidural anaesthesia.

epiglottis
The small cartilage flap that prevents food from going into the trachea when a person swallows.

epithelial abnormality
Changes in the cells of the cervix. These changes may be low grade or high grade.

epithelial ovarian cancer
Cancer that starts in the epithelium of the ovary.

epithelium
The cells that make up the internal and external surfaces of the body, for example, skin, inside of the lungs or ovaries.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)
A common human virus in the herpes family that may increase a person’s risk of developing some types of cancer.

erectile dysfunction
Inability to obtain and maintain an erection firm enough for penetration. Also called impotence.

erythrocytes
Red blood cells, which carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the body.

erythroplakia             
A red velvety spot or patch in the mouth that may be precancerous.

essential fatty acids
Types of fat in food that are necessary for good health.

ethmoid sinuses
Sinuses located behind the ethmoid bone in the skull.

euthanasia
The act or practice of deliberately ending the life of a person suffering from a terminal illness or incurable condition. It is illegal in Australia.

evidence-based medicine
Where doctors make decisions based on research studies that measure how well a particular treatment works.

excision biopsy
The complete removal of a lump or patch of abnormal skin or tissue by cutting out (excising) the affected area.

experimental treatment
A new treatment being tested in a clinical trial.

external beam radiotherapy
The use of high-energy x-rays to kill cancer cells or injure them so they cannot multiply.

external genitalia
Known collectively as the female vulva. Includes the clitoris, labia minora, labia majora and mons pubis.

external radiotherapy
Radiotherapy administered by a machine that aims radiation at the cancer.

F

faecal occult blood test (FOBT)
A test that checks stool for microscopic traces of blood.

faeces
See stools.

Fallopian tubes
The two long, finger-like tubes that extend from the uterus to the ovaries. The Fallopian tubes carry fertilised eggs from the ovary to the uterus.

familial
A genetic condition that can be inherited or “passed down” through generations of a family.

familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP)
A benign condition that causes polyps to form in the large bowel. The polyps will become cancerous if untreated.

familial medullary cancer
A hereditary type of medullary thyroid cancer.

fasting
Abstaining from all food.

fatigue
Feeling extremely tired and lacking energy. Doesn’t go away with rest.

fenestrated tracheostomy
A type of tracheostomy tube with an opening to allow air to flow through the voice box.

fertility
The ability to conceive a child.

fibre
The indigestible part of plant foods, sometimes called roughage.

fine-needle aspiration
A biopsy procedure in which a fine needle is inserted into a lump to extract cells.

five-year survival rate
The percentage of people alive five years after diagnosis.

flat urothelial carcinoma
A tumour that grows in the lining of the bladder.

follicular cells
One of the two main types of cells that make up the thyroid gland. They create a protein and produce and store T3 and T4.

follicular thyroid cancer
The second most common type of thyroid cancer, developing from the follicular cells.

follow-up
Medical appointment to follow your progress after your treatment.

fractionation
The process of delivering radiotherapy in a series of small doses over several treatment sessions.

frontal sinuses
Sinuses located behind the forehead.

G

gall bladder
A pear-shaped organ on the underside of the liver that stores bile.

gallium scan
A test using a weak radioactive substance, gallium, which shows where the cancer has spread.

gap fee
The difference between the schedule fee and the doctor’s fee.

gastric juices
Juices in the stomach that help to break down food.

gastric stromal tumours
Cancer of the stomach’s connective tissue and muscle.

gastroenterologist
A doctor who specialises in diseases of the digestive system.

gastrointestinal (GI) tract
The passage from the mouth to anus that allows a person to digest food and eliminate waste. The lower GI tract comprises the large and small bowel.

gastroscopy
A diagnostic test. An endoscope is inserted into the oesophagus so the upper GI tract can be examined.

gated heart pool scan
A test to assess the heart's function and pumping ability.

Geiger counter
An instrument used to measure radiation levels.

gene therapy
Treatment aimed at correcting or interfering with a genetic abnormality causing cancer.

general anaesthetic
See anaesthetic.

genes
The microscopic units that govern the way the body’s cells grow and behave. Genes are found in every cell of the body and are inherited from both parents.

genitals
The sexual organs.

germ cells
Cells that produce eggs in females and sperm in males. Germ cell cancers can occur in the ovaries or testicles.

gland
Specialised organs or groups of cells that make various fluids that are used in the body or excreted.

glandular cell
A type of cell found in the endocervix.

Gleason score
A way of grading prostate cancer biopsies. A low Gleason score indicates a slow-growing (less aggressive) cancer and a higher score indicates a faster-growing (more aggressive) cancer.

glial cell
A type of cell in the nervous system that surrounds and insulates neurons, holds neurons in place, supplies nutrients and oxygen to neurons, and eliminates dead neurons and germs.

glioblastoma
A type of malignant brain tumour.

glossectomy
The surgical removal of part or all of the tongue.

glucose supplement
A type of sugar. A good source of energy (calories) that often tastes less sweet than sugar.

goitre
A benign enlarged thyroid.

grade
A score that describes how aggressive a tumour is (how quickly it is likely to grow).

graft-versus-host disease
A complication of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation in which immune cells in the transplanted tissue (graft) attack the cells in the recipient’s body. Also known as GVHD.

granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)
A protein that helps increase the number and function of certain white blood cells called neutrophils, which help fight infection in the bone marrow.

guided imagery
A type of meditation in which a person is led through imagining a series of scenes that promote healing thoughts in order to achieve peace, pain relief and relaxation.

gynaecologist
A doctor who specialises in treating diseases of the female reproductive system.

gynaecological oncologist
A gynaecologist who has completed specialist training in treating women diagnosed with cancer of the reproductive organs.

H

haematologist
A doctor who specialises in studying and treating diseases of the blood, bone marrow and lymphatic system.

haemorrhoids
Enlarged blood vessels on or just inside the anus, usually caused by periods of constipation.

heartburn
When acidic juices from the stomach flow back up into the oesophagus, causing a burning pain in the chest a few hours after eating. Also called reflux.

Helicobacter pylori
Bacteria that can live in the stomach and small bowel and lead to stomach ulcers and cancer.

hemilaryngectomy
Surgery to remove the left or right half of the larynx.

hemi-thyroidectomy
The surgical removal of part of the thyroid gland. Also called a partial thyroidectomy.

hepatic arterial infusion
Chemotherapy delivered directly through a tube into the artery to the liver.

hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
A type of primary liver cancer that starts from the main cells in the liver, which are called hepatocytes.

herbal medicine
An ancient therapy in which herbs are taken internally or applied externally to treat and prevent illness, and to strengthen the body.

hereditary
Passing from one person to another (parent to offspring) through the genes.

hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)
A disease affecting the lower GI tract. HNPCC may be a risk factor for bowel cancer. Also called Lynch syndrome.

Hickman line
A type of central venous access device inserted into a vein in the chest.

high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU)
A less established treatment for localised prostate cancer, which may be used for patients who are unsuitable for surgery or radiotherapy.

Hodgkin’s disease
A type of lymphoma. Also called Hodgkin’s lymphoma.

holistic care
Care that incorporates different types of therapies and services to ensure that your physical, emotional, spiritual and practical needs are met.

hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
Drug therapy that supplies the body with hormones that it is no longer able to produce.

hormone resistance
When cancer cells that usually grow in the presence of a hormone keep on growing despite the absence of that hormone.

hormones
Chemical messengers in the body that transfer information between cells.

hormone treatment
A treatment that blocks the body’s natural hormones that help cancer grow. Also called hormone therapy.

hospice
A place that provides comprehensive care for people with a life-limiting illness. This includes inpatient medical care, respite care and end-of-life care for people who are unable to die at home.

Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
A group of viruses that can cause infection in the skin surface of different areas of the body including the genital area. HPV may be a risk factor for some types of cancer. Also called the wart virus.

hydrocephalus
A build-up of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain.

hyperfractionated radiotherapy
Receiving two or more radiotherapy treatments each day, Monday to Friday, during a designated treatment period.

hyperthyroidism
A benign condition that occurs when the thyroid is overactive and produces too many hormones.

hypopharynx
The lowest part of the back of the throat. Also called the laryngopharynx.

hypothalamus gland
An endocrine gland that produces a type of thyroid-stimulating hormone.

hypothyroidism
A benign condition that occurs when the thyroid does not produce enough hormones.

hysterectomy
The surgical removal of the uterus and cervix.

hysteroscopy
A procedure to look inside the uterus by stretching and opening the cervix and inserting a telescope-like device called a hysteroscope.

I

ileal conduit
A small passageway created from a piece of bowel and connected between the ureters and a stoma on the abdomen wall. It takes the place of the bladder, allowing urine to flow through it and the stoma into a bag on the outside of the body.

ileorectal anastomosis
A surgical procedure that creates a colonic J-pouch, which stores stool and acts as a rectum.

ileostomy
An operation that connects the small bowel to a surgically created opening (stoma) in the abdomen.

ileum
The final section of the small bowel.

immune cells
White blood cells (leucocytes).

immune system
A complex network of cells and organs that defends the body against attacks by foreign invaders, such as bacteria and viruses.

immunotherapy
The prevention or treatment of disease using substances that alter the immune system’s response. Types include active and passive therapy. Also called biological therapy.

impotence
See erectile dysfunction.

incontinence
Inability to hold or control the loss of urine or faeces.

indolent or low-grade lymphoma
A slow-growing cancer that starts in the cells of the lymphatic system.

inflammatory bowel disease
A benign condition that causes inflammation of the bowel.

informed consent
Receiving and understanding all relevant information, such as potential risks, before agreeing to a medical procedure.

informed financial consent
When a health professional talks to a patient about the likely expenses of treatment.

infusion
A slow injection of a substance into a vein or other tissue.

insulin
A chemical messenger (hormone) secreted by the pancreas to regulate the amount of sugar (glucose) in the blood. If the body does not produce enough insulin, diabetes will develop.

integrative medicine (integrative therapies)
The use of both evidence-based complementary therapies and conventional medicine.

interaction
An effect that occurs when two or more substances react with each other.

installation
When chemotherapy drugs are put directly into the bladder using a catheter.

interneuron
A type of neuron that connects other neuron cells within the brain and spinal cord.

intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT)
The use of multiple beams of radiation to target a tumour.

interferon
A substance that occurs naturally within your body and which enhances your immune system's fight against viruses. Interferon is manufactured for use as a medication, and has shown anti-tumour activity against some uncommon cancers.

internal radiotherapy
A type of radiotherapy treatment that implants radioactive material sealed in needles or seeds into or near cancerous cells. Also called brachytherapy.

intolerance
Inability to digest properly.

intramuscular
Administered (injected) into a muscle.

intraperitoneal chemotherapy
A technique of administering chemotherapy into the abdominal cavity via injection into the perineum.

intrathecal chemotherapy
Chemotherapy given directly into the spinal fluid via a lumbar puncture.

intravenous (IV)
Inserted into a vein.

intravenous pyelogram
A radiological procedure used to see abnormalities of the urinary system, including the kidneys, ureters and bladder.

intravesical chemotherapy
Chemotherapy that is put into the bladder through a tube. It is often used for treating non-invasive (superficial) bladder cancer.

invasive cancer
Cancer that has spread deep into tissues at the primary site, and/or to other parts of the body.

iodine
An essential element that allows the thyroid gland to produce hormones. Iodine is in foods such as seafood, some dairy products, eggs and iodised salts.

irresectable
Not able to be surgically removed.

isthmus
The band of tissue that connects the two lobes of the thyroid.

J

jaundice
A condition caused by increased amounts of bile in the blood. This causes the skin and the whites of the eyes to turn yellow.

jejunum
The central section of the small bowel.

 

K

keratoses
Also called sunspots, they are a sign of sun damage to the skin. They appear as flattish scaly areas on the skin.

kidneys
A pair of organs in the abdomen that remove waste from the blood and make urine.

Klinefelter’s syndrome
A genetic disorder where a man has three sex chromosomes (XXY) instead of the normal two (XY). This disorder may increase the risk of developing breast cancer.

 

L

labia majora
The outer lips of the vulva.

labia minora
The inner lips of the vulva, which join at the top to cover the clitoris.

lactate dehydrogenase
A chemical found in the bloodstream of some men with seminoma testicular cancer.

lactose
A type of sugar that is found in milk and some milk products.

lamina propria
Strong tissue surrounding the mucous membrane (urothelium) lining the bladder.

laminectomy
Surgery that involves cutting into the spinal column and removing a spinal cord tumour.

laparoscope
A tiny telescope through which structures within the abdomen and pelvis can be seen.

laparoscopic surgery
A type of minimally invasive keyhole surgery.

laparoscopy
Surgery using a laparoscope, which is inserted into the body through a very small incision. Also called keyhole surgery.

laparotomy
An operation in which a long cut is made in the abdomen to examine the internal organs.

large bowel
The organ that stores waste until it is ready to be passed out of the body. Its four parts are the cecum, colon, rectum and anus.

large cell carcinoma
A type of lung cancer that usually develops in the airways and is characterised by large rounded cells.

laryngectomy
The surgical removal of the larynx. In a partial laryngectomy, only part of the larynx is removed.

laryngopharyngectomy
The surgical removal of part or all of the larynx and pharynx.

laryngopharynx
See hypopharynx.

laryngoscopy
A procedure that allows the doctor to closely examine the larynx and pharynx using a laryngoscope (a tube with a light on it) or a mirror.

larynx
The voice box. The larynx houses the vocal cords and connects the pharynx with the trachea.

laser surgery
The use of a laser beam to remove tissue.

late effects
Side effects of cancer treatment that occur several months or years after treatment has been completed.

lateral rhinotomy
A cut along the edge of the nose to gain access to the nasal cavity and sinuses.

laxative
A drug that stimulates bowel movements and relieves constipation.

left hemicolectomy
A type of colectomy where tissue is removed from the left side of the colon.

leiomyosarcoma
A type of uterine sarcoma (cancer).

lentigo maligna melanoma
A type of cutaneous melanoma that is most common in the elderly population. Makes up about 10% of melanomas.

leucocytes
White blood cells.

leukaemia
A cancer of the white blood cells.

leukoplakia
A white spot or patch in the mouth that may be precancerous.

libido
Sex drive.

life-limiting illness
When an illness is unlikely to be cured and will cause death at some stage in the future. A person with a life-limiting illness may live for weeks, months or even years.

linear accelerator
The most common type of radiotherapy treatment machine. This machine produces high-energy radiation to treat cancer.

liver
A large organ in the top right side of the abdomen. The liver plays an important role in the breakdown and build-up, digestion, detoxification and removal of substances from the body.

liver function test (LFT)
A blood test that shows if the liver is working properly.

lobe
A section of an organ. For example, the left lung has two lobes and the right lung has three lobes.

lobectomy
A surgical operation to remove a lobe of a lung.

lobular carcinoma in situ (LCIS)
Abnormal cells in the lobes of the breast.

lobules
The milk-producing glands in the breast.

local excision
A surgical procedure to remove a small area of diseased tissue.

local anaesthetic
A medication that blocks the feeling of pain in a specific location in the body.

localised melanoma
A melanoma that has not spread beyond its starting point to other organs or lymph nodes.

localised prostate cancer
Early-stage prostate cancer that has not spread beyond the prostate gland.

lumbar puncture
A test in which a needle is inserted into the base of the spine to collect fluid for testing or to inject drugs for treatment.

lumpectomy
The removal of part of the breast. Also called breast-conserving surgery.

lungs
The two spongy organs in the chest cavity, made up of large numbers of tiny air sacs. The lungs are used for respiration (breathing).

luteinising hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH)
A hormone that helps control the production of testosterone.

lymph
A clear fluid that circulates around the body through the lymphatic system, carrying cells that fight infection.

lymph glands
See lymph nodes.

lymph nodes
Small, bean-shaped structures that form part of the lymphatic system. Also called lymph glands.

lymph vessels
Thin tubes that carry the body’s tissue fluid (lymph) all over the body.

lymphadenectomy
Removal of the lymph glands from a part of the body.

lymphatic system
A network of tissues, capillaries, vessels, ducts and nodes that removes excess fluid from tissues, absorbs fatty acids and transports fat, and produces immune cells.

lymphocyte
A type of white blood cell that helps fight infection.

lymphoedema
Swelling caused by a build-up of lymph fluid. This happens when lymph vessels or nodes don’t drain properly.

lymphoid
One of the two groups of white blood cells. The lymphoid family only produces white blood cells.

lymphoma
A type of cancer affecting the lymphatic system. There are two main types of lymphomas: non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and Hodgkin’s disease.

Lynch syndrome
An alternative term for hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC).

lytic lesions
Areas where bone has been destroyed.

M

magnetic resonance imaging scan
See MRI scan.

malignant
Cancer. Malignant cells can spread (metastasise) and can eventually cause death if they cannot be treated.

malignant transformation
When a benign tumour becomes genetically damaged and develops into a rapidly growing, cancerous tumour.

mammogram
An x-ray of the breast which can detect cancers when they are still too small to be felt.

mandible resection
Removal of part of the lower jaw (mandibulectomy) or upper jaw (maxillectomy).

mandibulotomy
Cutting the lower jaw to give access to the mouth or throat.

manual lymphatic drainage
A type of specialised massage in which bodyworkers help to reduce the swelling caused by lymphoedema by manually stimulating the flow of lymph.

massage
A type of bodywork therapy in which muscles are stimulated, stretched and relaxed through specialised pressure and strokes.

mastectomy
The surgical removal of the whole breast.

maxillary sinuses
Sinuses located under the eyes and within the maxillary (cheek) bones.

M-brand
A paraprotein, which is a substance produced when plasma cells multiply abnormally.

mechanical speech
The use of a battery-powered device (such as an electrolarynx) to create vocal sounds.

mediastinoscopy
A surgical procedure that allows a surgeon to examine the lymph nodes at the centre of the chest (and remove a sample, if necessary).

mediastinum
The area in the chest between the lungs. It contains the heart and large blood vessels, the oesophagus, the trachea and many lymph nodes.

mediation
An informal type of resolution using a mediator or negotiator who communicates between two parties to settle differences and problems. Also called conciliation.

medical oncologist
A doctor who specialises in treating cancer with drugs (chemotherapy).

medical negligence
When a health care provider is proven to have caused a substantial injury or personal loss due to their carelessness or lack of judgment.

medical record
Notes about a person’s health care history (e.g. scan and test results and doctors’ recommendations).

medi-list
A list of the names, dosages and times of a patient’s medications.

meditation
A technique to relax the mind and body by focusing on breathing, learning to still the mind and thinking only about the present.

medullary thyroid cancer
A type of thyroid cancer arising from the C-cells.

melanin
The brown pigment that gives the skin its colour and helps to protect the body against the damaging effect of ultraviolet (UV) rays from sunlight and tanning machines in solariums.

melanocytes
One of the three types of cells that make up the skin’s epidermis layer. These cells produce melanin.

melanoma
Cancer of the melanocytes. The cancer usually appears on the skin, but may affect the eye, nervous system and mucous membranes (lining of the mouth and nasal passages).

membrane
A thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, lines a cavity or divides a space or organ.

meninges
The membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

meningioma
A type of benign brain tumour.

menopause
When a woman stops having periods (menstruating). This can happen naturally (usually around the age of 52 years), because of chemotherapy or hormone treatment, or because the ovaries have been removed.

menstruation
A woman's monthly bleed from the vagina, also called periods.

mesothelioma
A type of cancer that affects the protective membrane around the body’s internal organs (the mesothelium). It often occurs in the membranes of the lungs (pleura).

metabolism
The chemical process that is necessary for a living being to stay alive. It causes cells to grow, reproduce, respond to their environment and remain alive.

metastasis
A cancer that has spread from another part of the body. Also known as secondary cancer.

microinvasive cancer
Cancer cells that have just broken through the bottom layer of the surface of the cervix.

midface degloving
Surgical access to the nasal cavity or sinuses using a cut under the upper lip.

mind-body techniques
Techniques that help people address emotional issues and other problems that have a mental component, such as anxiety, depression, stress and pain.

minerals
Components of food that are essential for the body (similar to vitamins).

mixed glioma
A type of malignant brain tumour.

mixed Müllerian sarcoma
A type of uterine sarcoma.

MMR genes
Mis Match Repair genes. Genes which instruct the cell on how to repair changes and which, when a mutation is present, results in HNPCC.

Mohs technique
A specialised surgical procedure for removing skin cancers one segment at a time until only normal cells remain.

mole
See naevus.

monoclonal antibodies
A group of medications made from different types of proteins that target specific diseased cells, attach to them and destroy them.

monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance (MGUS)
A benign condition that affects the plasma (blood). This condition may increase the risk of developing cancers of the blood, such as myeloma.

mons pubis
In women, the area of fatty tissue covered with pubic hair.

morphine
A strong and effective painkiller that is commonly used to treat people with cancer who have pain.

MRI scan
A magnetic resonance imaging scan. A scan that uses magnetism and radio waves to take detailed cross-sectional pictures of the body.

motor neuron
A type of neuron that causes muscle contractions in the body.

mucosa
Moist tissue that lines organs of the body, such as the digestive tract, lungs and nose.

MSI
Microsatellite instability, a test for a genetic pattern that is sometimes found in bowel cancer cells.

mucositis
Sores in the mouth or throat.

mucous membrane
A layer of tissue that is covered with a thick, slippery fluid (mucous).

Müllerian sarcoma
A type of uterine sarcoma.

multidisciplinary care
A system where all members of the treatment team collaborate to discuss a patient’s physical and emotional needs as well as any other factors affecting their care. The team meets to review cases and decide on treatments.

multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN)
A benign condition that increases a person’s risk of developing endocrine tumours.

mutation
A change in a gene causing it to show a new characteristic.

myeloid
One of the two groups of white blood cells. The myeloid family produces some white blood cells, red blood cells and platelets.

myometrium
Smooth muscle tissue that makes up the bulk of the uterus.

N

naevus (naevi)
A small dark spot on the skin which arises from skin cells called melanocytes. Also called a mole.

nasal cavity
The large, air-filled space located behind the nose and in the middle of the face.

nasendoscopy
An internal examination of the nose and upper airways using a long, flexible tube called an endoscope. Also called a nasoendoscopy.

nasogastric (NG) tube
A plastic feeding tube that passes in through the nasal passageway and directly into the stomach.

nasopharynx
The open cavity that lies behind the nose and above the soft palate.

natural therapies
A broad range of therapies that don’t involve the use of drugs.

naturopathy
A holistic system of health care that utilises diet, bodywork and natural medicinal remedies to strengthen inner vitality to overcome disease and maintain health.

nausea
Feeling sick or wanting to be sick.

neck dissection
Surgery to remove lymph nodes and some surrounding structures in the neck (such as muscle, fat or nerves).

needle core biopsy
A procedure in which tissue is removed from an organ or lymph node using a needle.

neo-adjuvant therapy
A treatment given before the primary treatment to enhance the primary treatment’s effectiveness.

neobladder
A new bladder formed from a section of bowel tissue.

neoplasia
Any new or abnormal growth of tissues, in which the growth is uncontrolled and progressive.

nephrology
The branch of medicine relating to the function and diseases of the kidneys. A nephrologist is a doctor who specialises in this field.

nephrons
The basic units of the kidney that filter the blood. Nephrons also regulate blood volume, pressure and pH, levels of electrolytes and metabolites.

nerve block
Pain medication that is injected directly into or around a nerve or into the spine to block pain.

nerve-sparing surgery
A type of surgery to save the nerves that affect ejaculation and urination.

neurologist
A doctor who specialises in the structure, functioning and diseases of the nervous system (including the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves).

neuron
A cell specialised to transmit electrical nerve impulses, carrying information from one part of the body to the other.

neuroma
A type of benign brain tumour.

neurosurgeon
A surgeon who specialises in operations on the nervous system.

neutrophil
A type of white blood cell that fights infection in the bone marrow.

nodular melanoma
A type of cutaneous melanoma. Makes up about 15% of melanomas.

nodule
A swelling or lump that may be cancerous or noncancerous.

non-epithelial ovarian cancer
A type of ovarian cancer that does not start in the lining of the ovary. Types include germ cell ovarian cancer and sex-cord stromal cancer.

non-invasive (superficial) bladder cancer
Cancer that has not spread beyond the lining of the bladder.

non-Hodgkin's lymphoma
A cancer of the lymphatic system in which lymphocytes (lymphatic cells) become abnormal and the immune system is less able to fight infections.

non-melanoma skin cancer
Skin cancer that doesn’t develop from the melanocytic cells, eg basal cell and squamous cell cancer.

non-seminoma
A type of testicular cancer. Non-seminomas include choriocarcinoma, embryonal carcinoma, teratoma and yolk sac tumour.

non-small cell lung cancer
One of the two main groups of lung cancers. Includes squamous cell carcinoma, adenocarcinoma and large cell carcinoma.

nutritious/nourishing
Food that is a good source of energy (kilojoules/calories) and/or protein as well as vitamins and minerals.

O

obturator
A special prosthesis or plate that is used to close a gap in the palate, to form a new roof of the mouth.

oedema
Fluid retention.

oesophageal speech
Forcing air into the top of your oesophagus and then out again to produce a voice.

oesophagectomy
The surgical removal of all or part of the oesophagus.

oesophagoscopy
The examination of the oesophagus with an endoscope.

oesophagus
The tube that carries food from the throat into the stomach. Sometimes called the gullet.

oesopho-gastrectomy
A surgical procedure to remove parts of the oesophagus and stomach at the same time.

oestrogen
A female sex hormone produced mainly by the ovaries.

oligodendrocyte
A type of glial cell (nerve cell).

oligodendroglioma
A type of malignant brain tumour.

omentectomy
Surgical removal of the omentum.

omentum
A protective apron of fatty tissue over the abdominal organs.

oncology
The study and treatment of cancer.

oncologist
A doctor who specialises in the study and treatment of cancer.

oophorectomy
The removal of one or both ovaries. See bilateral salpingo oophorectomy.

opioids
The strongest pain relievers available. These include morphine, fentanyl, codeine, oxycodone, hydromorphone and methadone.

oral
Referring to the mouth region, including the lips, gums, cheeks, floor of the mouth, front of the tongue, and inside area of the jaws.

orbital exenteration
The surgical removal of the eye and other contents of the orbit.

orchidectomy
An operation to remove one or both testicles. Also called orchiectomy.

orchiectomy
See orchidectomy.

oropharynx
The area of your throat including the soft palate and tongue base.

osteoporosis
Thinning of the bones that can lead to bone pain and fractures.

osteoradionecrosis (ORN)
A breakdown of bone tissue due to radiotherapy treatment.

ostomy
See stoma.

ovarian ablation
Stopping the ovaries from producing oestrogen by surgically removing the ovaries or giving a dose of radiotherapy to the ovaries.

ovarian cancer
Cancer that starts in the ovaries. There are several different types of ovarian cancer such as epithelial and non-epithelial cancers.

ovary
A hormone-producing female reproductive organ that is located near the uterus. It also produces eggs (ova).

ovulation
The release of an egg during the menstrual cycle.

ovum/ova
The female egg/s produced by the ovary.

P

palliative care
The holistic care of people who have a life-limiting illness, their families and carers. It aims to improve quality of life by addressing physical, emotional, spiritual, social and practical needs. It is not just for people who are about to die, although end-of-life care is a part of palliative care.

palliative care nurse
A nurse who has specialised in the field of palliative care and is very experienced in helping patients, families and carers with end-of-life care.

palliative care specialist (physician)
A doctor who has specialised in the field of palliative medicine, prescribing medical treatment for pain and other symptoms, as well as supporting and advising the other members of the palliative care team, the patient, family and carers.

palliative care unit
A place that provides comprehensive care for people with a life-limiting illness. This includes inpatient medical care, respite care and end-of-life care for people who are unable to die at home. It may also offer day care facilities and home visiting teams. Also called a hospice.

palliative treatment
Medical treatment for people with advanced cancer to help them manage pain and other physical and emotional symptoms of cancer.

pancreas
An organ in the digestive system. The pancreas produces insulin and enzymes that help in the digestion of food.

pancreatitis
Inflammation of the pancreas.

Pap smear or Pap test
A test that can detect changes in cervical cells. Some cells are scraped off the cervix and sent to a laboratory for examination under a microscope

papillary thyroid cancer
The most common type of thyroid cancer, developing from the follicular cells.

papillary urothelial carcinoma
A tumour that projects into the hollow of the bladder.

paracentesis
The drainage of excess fluid from the abdomen.

parafollicular cells (C-cells)
One of the two main types of cells that make up the thyroid gland. They produce calcitonin.

paranasal sinuses
Air-filled spaces within the head that lighten the weight of the skull.

parathyroidectomy
The removal of the parathyroid glands, which regulate calcium in the body.

parathyroid glands
Four glands that sit behind the thyroid gland and produce hormones to maintain the body’s calcium and phosphorus balance.

parietal layer
The outer layer of the pleura (lungs).

partial gastrectomy
See subtotal gastrectomy.

partial mastectomy
An operation to remove a breast cancer and a small amount of the surrounding healthy breast tissue. This is a type of breast-conserving surgery, like lumpectomy, but more of the breast is removed.

partial nephrectomy
The surgical removal of part of a kidney.

partial vulvectomy
The surgical removal of part of the vulva.

pathologist
A specialist who studies diseases to understand their nature and cause and interprets the results of tests (such as a biopsy or blood count).

patient-controlled analgesic system
An intravenous system that allows a person to administer a dose of pain relief by pressing a button. Also known as a PCA system.

patient responsibilities
Expectations of patients to treat their health care team with respect, honesty and consideration.

patient rights
What patients and their families can reasonably expect from their treatment team and the health care system in terms of information, communication and involvement in treatment decisions.

pelvic exenteration
The surgical removal of the affected organs in the pelvis.

pelvic floor exercises
Exercises to strengthen the muscles controlling the bladder.

pelvis
The lower part of the trunk of the body: roughly, the area that extends from hip to hip and waist to groin.

percutaneous endoscopic gastronomy (PEG) tube
A feeding tube inserted directly into the stomach through the abdomen wall.

percutaneous endoscopic jejunostomy (PEJ) tube
A feeding tube inserted through the abdomen directly into the small bowel (jejunum), bypassing the stomach.

perineum
The area of skin between the vulva or scrotum and the anus.

peripheral blood stem cell transplantation
The replacement of stem cells in the bone marrow after high-dose chemotherapy with healthy stem cells that have been collected from the blood.

peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC)
A type of central venous access device that is inserted into a vein in the chest or neck.

peripheral nervous system
The system of nerves extending outside the central nervous system, serving the limbs and organs.

peristalsis
Muscle contractions that move food into the stomach.

peritoneum
The lining of the abdomen.

Person Responsible
If a patient becomes incapable of making medical decisions but has not appointed an enduring guardian, the law recognises that a close family member or friend – known as the Person Responsible –  is able to consent to medical procedures on behalf of the patient.

PET scan
A positron emission tomography scan. A specialised imaging test that uses a radioactive glucose solution to identify cancer cells in the body.

Peyronie's disease
Pain in the penis as it becomes erect, or a curve in the erect penis. This sometimes develops as a result of radiotherapy to the penis.

Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS)
A government-funded scheme that subsidises some prescription medicines.

pharyngectomy
The surgical removal of part or all of the pharynx.

pharynx
The throat. This is a muscular tube about 10 centimetres long that extends from the back of the nose to the top of the larynx and oesophagus.

phenacetin
A drug that reduces pain which may cause kidney cancer. Phenacetin has not been used in pain relief medications since the 1970s.

Philadelphia chromosome
An abnormal chromosome associated with chronic myeloid leukaemia. It carries instructions for the body to produce a particular protein, which makes too many white blood cells.

phlegm
Thick mucus in the mouth.

photodynamic therapy (PDT)
The use of a light source and special cream to treat skin cancer.

pituitary gland
An endocrine gland that produces a type of thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH).

pituitary tumour
A type of benign brain tumour.

placebo
A dummy pill or injection, which looks like the new treatment being tested in a clinical trial but contains no active ingredient.

plasma
The clear fluid part of the blood that carries blood cells.

plasma cells
A type of white blood cell that stays mostly in the bone marrow. Plasma cells make antibodies. Multiple myeloma is a cancer of the plasma cells.

plastic surgeon
See reconstructive surgeon.

plateau
A prolonged period of stable disease, where the disease is present but well controlled.

platelets
One of three types of cells found in the blood. These help the blood to clot and stop bleeding. Also called thrombocytes.

pleura
Membranes that line the chest wall and cover the lungs.

pleural cavity
The space that lies between the two layers of the pleura (lungs) and normally contains a thin film of fluid.

pleural effusion
An abnormal build-up of fluid in the pleural cavity (lung area).

pleural tap
See thoracentesis.

pleurodesis
An injection between the layers of the lung tissue (pleura). This injection creates an inflammation that closes the space between the pleura. This prevents accumulation of fluid.

pneumonectomy
A surgical operation to remove a lung.

pneumonia
A bacterial infection in the lungs which causes some of the air sacs fill up with pus.

polyp
A projecting growth from a surface in the body, such as the large bowel. Most polyps are benign, but they can become malignant.

polypectomy
The surgical removal of a polyp.

polyposis
The condition of having several polyps in the large bowel.

port-a-cath (port)
A type of central venous access device. A small device with an opening (port) is inserted under skin in the chest or arm.

positron emission tomography scan
See PET scan.

power of attorney
Gives a person power to act on behalf of the patient in financial and legal matters. A general power of attorney is revoked if the person becomes become incapacitated; an enduring power of attorney continues after the person loses capacity.

pre-cancerous
A term used to describe a condition that may or is likely to become a cancer.

pre-existing condition
An illness or injury that existed before applying for an insurance policy.

premature ejaculation
The inability to delay ejaculation.

premature menopause
Menopause that occurs before the age of 40.

primary cancer
The original cancer. Cells from the primary cancer may break away and be carried to other parts of the body, where secondary cancers may form.

primary health care
A person’s main health care, which is provided by a general practitioner (GP) or a community nurse. It can include initial tests and diagnoses of disease, health promotion, disease prevention, and management of chronic illnesses.

primary health care provider
A health professional, such as a general practitioner or community nurse, who provides the first point of contact for a person to help them with a range of health care matters.

primary site
The part of the body where the cancer first developed.

private health insurance
An insurance policy that covers some medical expenses. Patients with private health insurance can choose their own doctor and can choose to be treated in a private or public hospital.

proctocolectomy
The surgical removal of the entire colon and rectum.

progesterone
A hormone produced by the ovaries that prepares the lining of the uterus (endometrium) for pregnancy.

prognosis
The expected outcome of a person's disease.

prostate
A gland about the size of a walnut found only in men. It produces most of the fluid that makes up semen.

prostatectomy
An operation to remove all or part of the prostate.

prostate specific antigen (PSA)
A protein produced by prostate cells. It can be used to test for prostate cancer or to monitor its recurrence.

prosthesis
An artificial replacement for a lost body part.

protein
A part of food that is essential for the body to repair itself and build muscle.

public health insurance (Medicare)
Health care insurance provided free of charge to citizens and permanent residents of Australia.

Q

quality of life
Your comfort and satisfaction, based on how well your physical, emotional, spiritual, sexual, social and financial needs are met within the limitations of your illness.

R

radiation
Energy in the form of waves or particles, including gamma rays, x-rays and ultraviolet (UV) rays. This energy is harmful to cells and is used in radiotherapy to destroy
cancer cells.

radiation oncologist
A doctor who specialises in treating cancer with radiotherapy.

radiation therapist
A health professional who administers radiotherapy.

radical hysterectomy
An operation that removes the uterus, cervix, ovaries and Fallopian tubes.

radical local excision
An operation that removes the cancer and a larger area of normal tissue all around the cancer.

radical nephrectomy
The surgical removal of the diseased kidney. If diseased, the adrenal gland, surrounding fatty tissue and nearby lymph nodes are sometimes removed during this procedure.

radical prostatectomy
An operation to remove the entire prostate and some of the tissue around it.

radical vulvectomy
An operation that removes the entire vulva, including the clitoris, and usually the surrounding lymph nodes.

radioactive iodine ablation
Receiving radioactive iodine after a thyroid operation in order to destroy any normal or cancerous tissue left behind by surgery. Also called thyroid ablation.

radioactive iodine therapy
Treatment that is intended to destroy thyroid cancer cells in the body.

radiofrequency ablation (RFA)
A treatment that uses radio waves to heat and destroy cancer cells.

radiosensitisation
A treatment that involves giving drugs with radiotherapy to make cancer cells more sensitive to radiotherapy treatment.

radiotherapy
The use of radiation, usually x-rays or gamma rays, to kill cancer cells or injure them so they cannot grow and multiply.

randomisation
A method used to prevent bias in research. A computer is used to put patients into groups by chance, like drawing cards from a pack. This ensures that the group can be compared at the end of the study.

randomised controlled trial
A clinical trial in which participants are randomly allocated to receive the new treatment or the standard treatment (the control).

reasonable accommodation
See reasonable adjustment.

reasonable adjustment
Making changes to a work environment to ensure equal opportunity for people with a disability. Also called reasonable accommodation.

reconstructive surgeon
A doctor who can surgically reshape or rebuild a part of the body. Also known as plastic surgeon.

rectal bleeding
Bleeding from the anus.

rectum
The last 15 to 20 centimetres of the large bowel, which stores stools until a bowel movement occurs.

recurrent cancer
A cancer that grows from cells of the primary cancer that have resisted treatment, or cancer that has spread to another part of the body.

red blood cells
One of three types of cells found in the blood. They carry oxygen around the body. Also called erythrocytes.

reflexology
A type of complementary therapy. The therapist massages and puts pressure on specific points on the feet, similar to acupuncture points, which is said to help unblock energy.

registered health professional
A health care provider, such as a doctor, nurse or pharmacist, who needs to be registered and approved by the government before working in that field.

registration board
A board authorised by the government to oversee the registration and professional standards of health care providers.

rehabilitation
A program that helps a person recover from illness or injury and regain function.

relapse
The return of a disease after a period of improvement.

remission
When the symptoms and signs of the cancer reduce or disappear. A partial remission is when there has been a significant improvement in the cancer. A complete remission is when there is no evidence of active disease. This does not necessarily mean that the cancer is cured.

renal cell carcinoma
The most common form of kidney cancer.

renal sarcoma
A rare form of cancer that affects the connective tissues of the kidney.

resectable
Able to be surgically removed.

resection
Surgical removal of a portion of any part of the body.

respiratory
Relating to the lungs.

respiratory system
The system of the body responsible for breathing.

respite care
Care given to a sick person to give their regular carer a break. Respite care can be given in the home, at hospital or in a palliative care unit.

resuscitation
The process of reviving someone who appears to be dead, for example by heart massage or artificial respiration.

retrograde ejaculation
A condition where the sperm travels backwards into the bladder, instead of forwards out of the penis.

retroperitoneal lymph node
Lymph node in the area outside or behind the peritoneum (the tissue that lines the abdominal wall and covers most of the organs in the abdomen).

retroperitoneal lymph node dissection
Surgery to remove the retroperitoneal lymph nodes. Also called an RPLND.

rhinectomy
The surgical removal of part or all of the nose.

right hemicolectomy
A type of colectomy where tissue is removed from the right side of the colon.

risk factor
A substance or condition that increases an individual's chances of getting a particular type of cancer.

S

saliva
Also called spit. The watery substance released into the mouth from the salivary glands.

salvage treatment
A treatment given after a tumour has not responded to other treatments, or any treatment given after cancer recurrence.

sarcoma
A malignant tumour that starts in connective tissue.

schedule fee
Medicare’s recommended fee for a medical service.

scientific evidence
Rigorous testing to prove something works or does not work. Clinical trials are a form of scientific evidence.

screening
An organised program to identify disease, such as cancer, before symptoms appear.

screening trial
A clinical trial that tests the best way to find cancer, especially in its early stages.

scrotum
The external pouch of skin behind the penis that contains the testes.

second opinion
Talking to another doctor to consider other treatment options or to confirm a recommended course of treatment.

secondary cancer
A tumour that has spread from the original site to another part of the body. Also called a metastasis.

seizure
A disruption of the normal electrical impulses of the brain, causing a person to convulse or have other symptoms.

semen
The fluid ejaculated from the penis during sexual climax. It contains sperm from the testes and secretions from the prostate and seminal vesicles.

seminal vesicles
Glands that lie very close to the prostate and produce secretions that form part of the semen.

seminoma
One of two types of testicular cancer.

sentinel node
The first lymph node to receive lymph fluid from a tumour.

sensory neuron
A type of neuron that responds to light, sound and touch.

serous carcinoma
A type of endometrial cancer.

sex-cord stromal cells
Ovary cells that release the female hormones.

shunt
A small permanent tube used to drain fluid build-up in the brain.

side effect
Unintended effect of a drug or treatment.

sigmoid colectomy
A type of colectomy where tissue is removed from the sigmoid colon.

sigmoid colon
The section of the colon after the descending colon and before the rectum and anus.

sigmoidoscope
The rigid or flexible tube used during a sigmoidoscopy.

sigmoidoscopy
An examination of the rectum and lower colon. In this procedure, a doctor inserts a sigmoidoscope into the anus.

signet-ring tumour
A type of adenocarcinoma (bowel cancer).

signs
What a doctor determines through a physical examination or test results that indicate a person may have something wrong with them, e.g. an enlarged prostate gland or low blood counts.

simulator
A machine that takes x-rays to pinpoint where radiotherapy should be targeted.

sir-spheres
Radioactive pellets that are inserted into the liver in selective radiation therapy.

skin flap
Pulling nearby skin over a wound to cover it. 

skin graft
A piece of skin moved from one part of the body to another to cover a wound.

sling
A piece of synthetic mesh that is surgically placed to apply pressure to the urethra and reduce incontinence.

small bowel
The organ in the abdomen that receives food from the stomach and absorbs nutrients.

small cell lung cancer
One of the two main groups of lung cancers. Includes small cell carcinoma (also known as oat cell cancer), mixed small cell/large cell carcinoma, and combined small cell carcinoma.

small molecule therapies
Drugs that stop reactions that cause cancer cells to grow.

smouldering multiple myeloma
Early myeloma that does not cause the person any problems and does not need treatment.

solar keratosis
A flat scaly patch on the skin caused by too much sun (also called a sun spot).

specialist palliative care team
A holistic team of health professionals who offer a range of services to improve a person’s quality of life and help with any problems. A community nurse or palliative care nurse usually coordinates the team.

speculum
An instrument shaped like a duck bill, which is used to hold open the walls of the vagina so the cervix can be examined.

sperm
The male sex cell, which is made in the testes.

spermatic cord
A cord that runs from the testicle to the penis. The spermatic cord contains the tube that carries sperm, blood vessels, nerves and lymph vessels.

sphenoid sinuses
The sinuses located at the centre of the base of the skull.

sphincter
Strong muscles that form a valve. The urethral and anal sphincter muscles control the release of urine and faeces from the body. An artificial sphincter can aid people with incontinence.

spinal cord
The portion of the central nervous system enclosed in the spinal column, consisting of nerve cells and bundles of nerves connecting all parts of the body with the brain.

spinal tap
See lumbar puncture.

spleen
An organ in the lymphatic system located on the left side of the abdomen under the ribs. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood, stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells.

sporadic cancer
Cancer occurring in an individual without a family history of cancer.

sputum
Liquid coughed up from the lungs. Also known as phlegm.

sputum cytology test
Examination of sputum under a microscope to look for cancer cells.

squamous cell
One of the three types of cells that make up the skin’s epidermis (top) layer.

squamocolumnar junction
The area in the cervix where the squamous cells and glandular cells meet.

squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
A cancer that arises in the squamous or skin-like cells of the body.

stage
The extent of a cancer and whether the disease has spread from an original site to other parts of the body.

staging
Performing tests to determine how far a cancer has spread.

statistics
Collecting and analysing data to make comparisons and see patterns in research results.

stem cells
Early-stage cells from which mature cells develop. Stem cells are found in the bone marrow.

stem cell transplant
A method of replacing early-stage blood cells destroyed by cancer treatment. The stem cells are given to people after treatment to help the bone marrow recover and continue producing healthy blood cells.

stent
A tube made of metal or plastic that is inserted into a vessel or passage to keep it open.

stereotactic radiosurgery
A way of delivering radiotherapy directly to a small area of the head or neck, by putting a frame around the skull and using CT and MRI scans to aim the radiation beams.

steroid therapy
Treatment with drugs to reduce swelling, pain and other symptoms of inflammation.

steroids
Hormones used in the treatment of disease.

stoma
A surgically created opening of the body. Also called an ostomy.

stomach
The hollow, muscular organ between the end of the oesophagus and the beginning of the small bowel that stores and breaks down food.

stools
Waste matter discharged through the anus. Also called faeces or poo.

stomal therapy nurse
A registered nurse who specialises in caring for people who have stomas.

stroma
The connective tissue supporting the lining of the uterus (endometrium).

subcutaneous
Injection under the skin.

subtotal colectomy
Surgery that removes most of the large bowel.

subtotal gastrectomy
The surgical removal of part of the stomach.

sun spot
See solar keratosis.

superficial spreading melanoma
The most common type of cutaneous melanoma, making up almost 50% of all cases.

supportive care
Care that extends beyond treating the actual cancer. It covers wider issues that occur due to cancer and includes counselling, practical assistance, physiotherapy, occupational therapy, spiritual care and complementary therapies.

surface epithelium
A skin-like layer of the lining of the uterus (endometrium).

surgery
An operation by a surgeon to remove a part of the body affected by cancer, create a stoma, or insert a prosthesis.

surgical oncologist
A doctor who specialises in the surgical treatment of cancer.

supracricoid laryngectomy
Surgery to remove the upper part of the larynx, including the vocal cords.

supraglottic laryngectomy
Surgery to remove the upper part of the larynx above the vocal cords (supraglottis).

surveillance policy
Regular checkups after a cancer is removed to make sure it has not returned.

symptoms
Changes in the body that a patient feels or sees, which are caused by an illness or treatment, e.g.  pain, tiredness, rash or a stomach-ache. These help the doctor work out what is wrong.

T

tai chi
An active exercise technique in traditional Chinese medicine that incorporates movement, breathing techniques and meditation to create stability in the body.

tamoxifen
A drug that blocks the effects of oestrogen in cancer cells and treats oestrogen-receptive and progesterone-receptive cancers.

targeted drug therapy
A type of targeted therapy. Drugs may prevent angiogenesis (blood vessel growth), cause apoptosis (cell death) or block proteins or enzymes telling the cancer to grow.

targeted therapies
Treatments that attack specific weaknesses of cancer cells while sparing healthy cells. Two types of targeted therapies are drug therapies and immunotherapies.

T-cell
A type of white blood cell that develops in the thymus.

terminal illness
An illness that is unlikely to be cured and will result in a person’s death some time in the future. It may also be called a life-limiting illness.

terminal stage
When a person who has an incurable disease is showing signs and symptoms that suggest their death is imminent.

testes
Two egg-shaped glands that produce sperm and the male sex hormone, testosterone. They are found in the scrotum. Also called testicles.

testicles
See testes.

testosterone
The major male sex hormone produced by the testes. It promotes the development of male sex characteristics. A small amount is also made in the ovaries and helps increase sexual desire in women.

therapy
Another word for treatment.

thoracentesis
A procedure in which doctors insert a hollow needle between the ribs in order to drain excess fluid. Also called a pleural tap.

thoracotomy
A type of surgery. The surgeon opens the chest cavity through a cut on the back and examines, biopsies and/or removes the tumour.

thrombosis
The formation of presence of a blood clot.

thymus
An organ found inside the chest, behind the breastbone. It contains many lymphocytes and helps filter the blood.

thyroglobulin
A protein normally produced by the thyroid gland.

thyroid
A butterfly-shaped endocrine gland located at the base of the neck. The thyroid releases hormones to control the body’s metabolism and calcium levels.

thyroidectomy
The surgical removal of the thyroid gland. Also called a total thyroidectomy.

thyroiditis
Benign inflammation of the thyroid.

thyroid lymphoma
A type of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma affecting the thyroid gland.

thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
A hormone that prompts the thyroid gland to produce and release other hormones (thyroxine and tri-idothyronine). The pituitary and hypothalamus glands are responsible for TSH production.

thyroxine (T4)
A hormone produced by the thyroid gland that regulates the body’s metabolism. T4 can be converted into a hormone called tri-idothyronine (T3).

tinnitus
Continuous ringing in the ears.

tissue
A collection of cells that make up a part of the body.

TNM system
A type of staging system detailing the extent of the cancer’s metastasis. T stands for tumour, N for lymph nodes and M for metastasis.

tonsils
Small masses of lymphatic tissue on either side of the back of the mouth that help to fight infection.

topical chemotherapy
Treatment with a drug that is applied to an area of your skin, rather than being given by injection or tablet.

total colectomy
Surgery that removes the entire large bowel.

total gastrectomy
The surgical removal of the stomach.

trachea
The windpipe. The trachea is the airway that brings air inhaled from the nose and mouth into the lungs.

tracheoesophageal speech
When a person forces air between a surgically created valve between the trachea and oesophagus to create a voice-like sound.

tracheostomy
An operation in which a hole is made at the base of the neck into the trachea, and through which a tube is passed to create a clear airway. The hole is called a tracheostomy, but it is sometimes referred to as a tracheostoma.

traditional medicine (traditional therapies)
A term used by complementary therapists to mean old systems of medicine that are passed down through the ages, such as herbal medicine. Medical practitioners may use the term to mean mainstream (orthodox or regular) medicine that is practised in hospitals today.

transducer
A small device used in an ultrasound. It can be passed over the surface of the body or inserted into an opening like the vagina or rectum.

transfusion
The process of transferring body fluid (such as blood) from one person into another.

transitional cell carcinoma
Cancer that occurs in the cells that line parts of the urinary tract (transitional cells).

transitional cells
A type of cell lining many organs, including the bladder.

transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP)
A surgical procedure to remove tissue from the prostate that is restricting urinary flow.

transvaginal ultrasonography or transvaginal ultrasound
A test that uses sound waves to create pictures of the uterus, ovaries and other female reproductive organs.

transverse colectomy
A type of colectomy where tissue is removed from the middle of the colon.

transverse colon
The section of the colon between the ascending and descending colon.

tri-idothyronine (T3)
A hormone produced by the thyroid gland that regulates the body’s metabolism.

triple test
Collection of three tests to diagnose breast cancer. Includes physical examination, breast imaging such as mammogram and ultrasound, and biopsy results.

trismus
Difficulty opening the mouth fully.

tumour
A new or abnormal growth of tissue on or in the body. A tumour may be benign or malignant.

tumour markers
Chemicals produced by cancer cells and released into the blood. These may suggest the presence of a tumour in the body.

tylosis
A genetic syndrome linked to oesophageal cancer.

tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs)
Drugs that block chemical messengers, or enzymes, that are produced by the body’s cells. These enzymes (tyrosine kinase) tell cells when to divide and grow.

U

ulcerative colitis
A benign type of inflammatory bowel disease that may increase a person’s risk of developing bowel cancer.

ulcers
A small wound in skin or lining of mouth or stomach.

ultrasound
A non-invasive scan that uses soundwaves to create a picture of part of the body. An ultrasound scan can be used to measure the size and position of a tumour.

ultraviolet (UV) radiation
The part of sunlight that causes sunburn and skin damage. It is also transmitted by solariums, tanning lamps and sunbeds. UV radiation cannot be seen or felt.

unconventional therapies
Another term for complementary or alternative therapies.

unfair dismissal
When an employee is sacked from a job and the dismissal is harsh, unjust or unreasonable.

unregistered health practitioner
A health care provider who doesn’t need to be registered with a government registration board but can practise in their field as long as they meet professional requirements. 

upper GI endoscopy
See gastroscopy.

ureters
The tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder.

urethra
The tube that carries urine from the bladder to the outside of the body. For men, the urethra also carries semen.

urinary system
The body’s system for removing wastes from the blood and expelling them from the body in urine. Includes the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra.

urologist
A surgeon who specialises in treating diseases of the urinary and sex organs in males, and the urinary organs in females.

urostomy
A surgically created opening (stoma) from inside the body to the outside, to create a new way to pass urine.

urothelial (transitional cell) carcinoma
Tumours that start growing in the urothelium (mucous membrane) of the bladder. They are the most common type of bladder cancer.

urothelium
The membrane lining the bladder.

uterine sarcoma
A cancer affecting the smooth muscle of the uterus or the stroma (connective tissue around the lining of the uterus).

uterus
The hollow muscular organ in which a fertilised egg (ovum) grows and a foetus is nourished until birth. Also known as the womb.

UV index
A measure of the intensity of the sun’s ultraviolet radiation.

V

vaccine
A substance given to stimulate the body's production of antibodies and provide immunity against a disease.

vagina
A muscular canal about eight to 10 centimetres long that extends from the entrance of the uterus to the outer female sex organs.

vaginal stenosis
Shortening and narrowing of the vagina.

vaginectomy
An operation that removes all of the vagina.

vaginismus
A spasm in the vagina that may prevent sexual intercourse.

vas deferens
Tubes in the male reproductive system that carries the sperm from the testes to the prostate.

venous access device
A catheter or other intravenous device surgically placed under the skin to provide access to veins.

verrucous carcinoma
A rare, slow-growing type of vulvar cancer, which looks like a large wart.

vertebrae
The bones or segments composing the spinal column.

virtual colonoscopy
The medical imaging procedure that uses a CT or MRI scanner to create images of the colon and rectum and display them on a screen.

vein
A blood vessel that takes blood towards the heart.

venous access device
A catheter or other intravenous device surgically placed under the skin to provide access to veins.

visceral layer
The inner layer of the pleura.

vitamins
Essential substances found in food and needed by the body to burn energy, repair tissue, assist metabolism and fight infections.

vocal cords
The part of the larynx that vibrates to produce the sounds required for speech. Also called the glottis.

voluntary euthanasia
Choosing to die rather than suffer from the possible effects of treatment or disease.

von Hippel-Lindau disease (VHL)
A rare genetic condition that involves abnormal tumour growth in parts of the body rich in blood supply. People with VHL may have a higher risk of developing kidney cancer.

vulva
The region incorporating the external sexual organs of a woman. These include the mons pubis, labia and clitoris.

vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN)
A condition that occurs in the skin of the vulva and can develop into vulvar cancer if left untreated.

vulval lichen planus
A non-cancerous condition affecting the skin in the vulvar area.

vulval lichen sclerosus
A non-cancerous condition affecting the skin in the vulvar area.

vulvar intraepithelial neoplasia (VIN)
A condition that occurs in the skin of the vulva and can develop into vulvar cancer if left untreated.

vulvar melanoma
A type of vulvar cancer that develops from the melanin, the pigment-producing cells that give skin its colour.

vulvectomy
Removal of some or all of the outer sex organs (the vulva).

vulvodynia
Pain in the vulvar area.

vulvoscopy
An examination of the vulva using a small microphone with a bright light called a colposcope.

W

wart virus
See Human Papillomavirus.

watchful waiting
When a person does not receive treatment, but instead has their health monitored regularly. See active surveillance.

wedge resection
Surgery to remove part of a lung, but not a complete lobe.

Whipple surgery
An operation to remove part of the pancreas. Also called a Whipple operation.

white blood cells
One of three types of cells found in the blood. They help fight infection. Types of white blood cells include neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes. Also called leucocytes.

womb
See uterus.

wide local excision
A surgical procedure to remove a cancer and some of the healthy tissue around it.

Wilms’ tumour
A rare cancer that occurs almost exclusively in children.

X

 

xerostomia
Dry mouth.

 

Y

yoga
An active exercise technique that focuses on breathing, stretching, strengthening and relaxation.

 

Z

Zoladex
A drug that reduces the brain’s production of oestrogen-stimulating hormones.