The words listed here are common cancer terms that your doctor and other
health professionals may use when working with you.
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Do you have a word that is not listed here?
Just email us the word and we will add it to the list with the appropriate
meaning.
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Z
A
abdomen
The part of the body that includes the stomach, intestine, liver, bladder
and kidneys. The abdomen is located between the ribs and hips.
abdominoperineal (AP) resection
An extensive operation for rectal cancer, which involves removal of rectum,
sewing up of the anus and a permanent colostomy.
active ingredient
The drug being tested.
acute leukaemia
A fast-growing cancer that causes large numbers of white blood cells to be
produced and enter the bloodstream.
acute lymphoblastic leukaemia
ALL. A fast-growing type of leukaemia in which too many immature white blood
cells (called blast cells or lymphoblasts) are found in the blood and bone
marrow. Also called acute lymphocytic leukaemia.
acute myeloid leukaemia
AML. A fast-growing leukaemia in which too many immature white blood cells
of the myeloid family are found in the blood and bone marrow.
acute pain
Pain that is severe but lasts a short time.
advanced care directive
The legal documents in which you give written instructions about your
health care if, in the future, due to the state of your health, you cannot
speak for yourself.
adenocarcinoma
A cancer that starts in the cells of glands, such as the bronchial glands,
which are found in the mucous membrane lining the airways.
adenomatous
(a-den-oh-mah-tus)
Relates to an adenoma which is a benign growth of tissue. In FAP adenomatous
polyps occur in the colon and may become malignant over time.
adjuvant analgesic
A medication that is usually used for another purpose but relieves pain in
some situations.
adjuvant therapy
A treatment used to assist your main treatment.
adrenal glands
Small glands above the kidneys that secrete the sex hormones, adrenalin and
cortisone.
advanced cancer
Cancer that has spread past the site of origin to other organs.
advanced prostate cancer
Prostate cancer that has spread to other parts of the body.
aggressive lymphoma
A fast-growing cancer that starts in the cells of the lymphatic system.
airways
The tubes that carry air into your lungs, including the trachea and bronchi.
allogeneic transplantation
A procedure in which a person receives stem cells from a compatible donor.
alpha-fetoprotein
A chemical found in the bloodstream of some men with non-seminoma testicular
cancer. It is not found in men with seminoma testicular cancer.
alveoli
The tiny air sacs in the lungs; an adult has about 300 million. When air is
breathed in, it goes via the airways to the alveoli, where oxygen is taken
from them into the bloodstream.
anaemia
A drop in the number of red blood cells in your body. Anaemia decreases the
amount of oxygen in the body and may cause tiredness and fatigue, breathlessness,
paleness and a poor resistance to infection.
anaesthetic
A drug that stops a person feeling pain during a medical procedure. A local
anaesthetic numbs only a part of the body; a general anaesthetic puts a person
to sleep for a period of time.
analgesics
Medications that are used to relieve pain.
anal sphincter
Muscle used to control bowel motion.
analysis
The result of tests to determine diagnosis.
anastomosis
(a-nas-ta-moh-sis)
The joining together of two tubes, such as two cut ends of the bowel
androgens
Male sex hormones. They produce male physical characteristics such as facial
hair or a deep voice. The main male sex hormone, testosterone, is produced
by the testicles.
angiogenesis
The formation of new blood vessels to support tissue. Angiogenesis enables
tumours to develop their own blood supply,
which helps them to survive and grow.
anterior resection
Less extensive operation for rectal cancer, which involves an abdominal scar.
The anus remains and there is no permanent colostomy.
antibody
Part of the body’s immune system. Antibodies are proteins made by the
blood in response to an invader (antigen) in the body. They help protect against
viruses, bacteria and other foreign substances.
anus
The entrance to the back passage, through which bowel motions are passed.
APC gene
The name given to the gene which, when mutated, causes FAP. Normally,
this gene 'APC' stands for adenomatous polyposis coli.
appetite
Feeling hungry or wanting to eat.
artery
A blood vessel that carries blood away from the heart.
asbestos
A fire-resistant fibre that was used to insulate buildings until its health
risks became known around the 1970s.
asbestosis
A slowly progressing lung disease caused by asbestos. It is not cancer.
ascending colon
The part of the bowel on the right side.
ascites
A fluid build-up in the abdomen, making it swollen and bloated.
atypia
Slight changes in the cells of the cervix.
autologous transplantation
A procedure in which stem cells are removed, stored and then given back to
the same person.
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B
barium enema
A special x-ray of the bowel. A white chalky liquid is put into the bowel
through the back passage (rectum) and x-rays are taken.
basal cell carcinoma (BCC)
A type of skin cancer that begins in the basal cells of the epidermis layer
of the skin.
baseline
At the beginning of the trial, before treatment is started.
Bence Jones protein
The name for the myeloma protein found in the urine.
benign
Not cancerous. Benign cells are not able to spread like cancer cells.
benign prostate enlargement
A non-cancerous enlargement of the prostate that pushes against the urethra
and the bladder blocking the flow of urine.
Bias
Human choices or other factors not related to the treatments being tested
that affect a study’s results.
biopsy
The removal of a small amount of tissue from the body, for examination under
a microscope, to help diagnose a disease.
bisphosphonate
A type of drug that protects against bone breakdown.
bladder
A sac with an elastic wall of muscle; found in the lower part of the abdomen.
The bladder stores urine until it is passed from the body.
blast cells
Immature white blood cells.
blinded study
A study in which participants do not know which treatment they are getting.
bloating
Full, uncomfortable feeling in abdomen. Can be caused by gas, eating in excess
or constipation.
blood count
A test that counts the number of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets
in your blood.
body image
How you feel about your body, how you think it looks and how you present it
to others.
bone marrow
The soft spongy material found inside bones. Bone marrow produces red blood
cells, white blood cells and platelets.
bone marrow biopsy
The removal of a small amount of bone marrow with a needle for examination
under a microscope.
bone marrow transplantation
A procedure to replace bone marrow destroyed by high doses of chemotherapy
treatment with healthy bone marrow.
Boundaries
Boundaries are a necessary part of everyday life. People set boundaries in
order to feel physically, psychologically and even spiritually comfortable
in their interactions with others. When someone sets a boundary they are making
it clear what is acceptable to them and what is not. Often setting a boundary
means saying NO to others on some level. The ability to set boundaries is
essential to a person feeling good about themselves. People may set boundaries
so that they can avoid being overwhelmed, controlled, over-helped, disempowered,
analysed, judged or deceived.
bowel preparation
Combination of enema and/or oral medication to clean out the bowel.
brachytherapy
A type of radiotherapy treatment that implants radioactive material sealed
in needles or seeds into or near the tumour.
breakthrough pain
A brief and often severe pain that occurs even though a person may be taking
pain medication regularly.
breast
The gland in a woman that produces milk. The breast is made up of fat, connective
tissue and lobes converging to the nipple. Tiny muscles and nerve endings
around the nipple and areola are particularly responsive to stimulation or
cold. Stimulation of the breast and nipple increases sexual arousal.
breast conservation surgery
Surgery that removes a breast lump without removing the entire breast. Also
called a lumpectomy.
breast reconstruction
The surgical rebuilding of a breast after mastectomy.
bronchi/bronchioles
Bronchi are the larger tubes that carry air in the lungs. Bronchioles are
the tiny tubes that carry air to the outer parts of the lungs.
bronchitis
Inflammation of the bronchi which makes you cough. It can be caused by bacteria
or viruses.
bronchoscopy
An examination in which a tube is passed through the nose or the mouth into
the lungs so that they can be examined for disease and some tissue sampled,
if necessary.
bronchus
The tube which carries air from the trachea into the lungs. The plural is
bronchi.
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C
CA125
A protein found in the blood. This protein is often higher than normal in
women with ovarian cancer. High levels may also occur in women with common
gynaecological conditions such as endometriosis or fibroids.
cancer
A disease of the body’s cells that starts in the genes. Damaged genes
cause cells to behave abnormally, and they may grow into a lump called a tumour.
Cancer Trials NSW
Established in 2001, Cancer Trials NSW is a collaborative initiative of The
Cancer Council NSW to increase participation and access to cancer clinical
trials. Clinical trial is a research study that tests new and better ways
of improving health in people.
cannula
A plastic tube inserted into a narrow opening so that fluids can be introduced
or removed.
carbohydrate
The part of your food made of sugars and starches. A good source of energy
(calories).
carcinogens
These are substances or agent that are known to cause cancer. For example
tobacco, asbestos and ultraviolet radiation.
carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA)
A chemical in the blood which, in part, reflects the amount of bowel cancer
in your body.
carcinoma
A cancer that starts in the tissue that lines the skin and internal organs
of the body.
carcinoma in situ
Cancer that involves only the cells in which it began
and has not spread to nearby tissues.
catheter
A flexible tube inserted into a narrow opening so that fluids can be introduced
or removed.
cells
The building blocks of the body. A human is made of millions of cells, which
are adapted for different functions. Cells can reproduce themselves exactly,
unless they are abnormal or damaged, as are cancer cells.
central line
A plastic tube inserted into a vein in your chest.
central nervous system
The brain and the spinal cord.
cerebrospinal fluid
The clear, watery fluid that surrounds and protects the brain and the spinal
cord.
cervix
The end of the uterus that forms a canal and extends into the vagina
chemotherapy
The use of drugs, which kill or slow cell growth, to treat cancer. These are
called cytotoxic drugs.
chest cavity
The area enclosed by the ribs, above the diaphragm.
chromosome
A thread like structure found in the nucleus of all body cells (except red
blood cells) made up of strings of proteins called genes.
chronic leukaemia
A slow-growing leukaemia that starts in the bone marrow, and causes large
numbers of white blood cells to be produced and enter the blood stream.
chronic lymphocytic leukaemia
CLL. A slow-growing leukaemia in which too many immature white blood cells
(called blast cells or lymphoblasts) are found in the blood and bone marrow.
chronic myeloid leukaemia
CML. A slow-growing leukaemia in which too many immature white blood cells
of the myeloid family are found in the blood and bone marrow.
chronic pain
Pain that can range from mild to severe and lasts a long time
CIN
Cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. This means abnormal changes or growth
in the surface layers of the cervix. These changes are not cancer but warn
that cancer may develop in the future. CIN is graded 1, 2, 3. CIN 3 means
the most severe changes.
climax
The peak of sexual response. Also know as orgasm.
clinical trial
A research study that tests new and better ways of improving health in people.
clinical nurse consultant
A specialist in a area of nursing who advises other nurses and professionals.
clinical nurse specialist
A nurse with additional qualifications/experience in a specific area such
as oncology.
clitoris
The main sexual pleasure organ for women. It is made up of erectile tissue
with rich sensory nerve endings. The clitoris becomes erect during arousal.
CT (computerised tomography) scan
The technique that uses x-rays to build a picture of the body.
colectomy
An operation to remove the colon or part of the colon.
colon
(co-lon)
The part of the large bowel between the end of the small intestine (the
ileum, part of the small bowel) and the rectum. It is about 1.5 metres
long.
colonoscopy
(coe-lon-oss-cop-ee)
Examination of the large bowel using a colonoscope. This is a thin flexible
tube with a light at the end. It is passed through the anus and gently
moved around so that the doctor can see the full length of the large bowel.
colostomy
An operation where the colon is attached to an opening on the stomach.
colposcopy
The examination of the cervix with a magnifying instrument called a colposcope,
to check for abnormalities.
community nurse
A registered nurse who provides nursing assessments and care of patients and
families in the home.
complementary therapies
Treatment that is not part of the conventional treatment routine for cancer.
These therapies can help deal with the emotional and physical impact of the
disease and treatment side effects. Complementary therapies may include relaxation,
meditation, massage therapy and counselling.
computerised tomography (CT) scan
A technique that uses x-rays to build a picture of the body.
cone biopsy
The removal of a cone-shaped piece of the cervix. It may be used to both diagnose
and treat cervical cancer.
constipation
Difficulty passing a bowel motion regularly or often.
control
The existing treatment that is being compared with the new treatment. The
control is generally the best standard treatment available.
controlled release morphine
An opioid medication (one of the strongest pain relievers) that lasts for
eight to 12 hours.
controlled trial
A controlled trial compares two or more treatments to discover what is best.
craniotomy
The surgical removal of a portion of the skull.
cryotherapy
Treatment of a tumour applying extreme cold.
curettage
Removal of growths with a curette: a spoon-shaped instrument with a
sharp edge.
cytology
The study of cells.
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D
dendritic cells
Specialised cells that are part of our immune system.
dendritic cell vaccines
Can sometimes be used to treat melanoma that has spread beyond the skin. The
use of dendritic cell vaccines are limited to people enrolled on clinical
trials, and the studies are in their early stages of development.
dermatologist
A doctor who specialises in the diagnosis and treatment of skin problems.
dermis
One of two main layers that make up the skin. The dermis is the second layer,
which contains the roots of hairs, glands that make sweat, blood and lymph
vessels and nerves.
descending colon
The part of the bowel on the left side of the abdomen.
desmoid tumour
A mass of fibrous tissue
diagnosis
The identification and naming of a person’s disease.
diaphragm
A thin muscle under the lungs and heart that separates the chest from the
abdomen.
diarrhoea
Opening the bowels very frequently. Motions may be watery.
diathermy
A treatment technique that uses electric current to destroy tissue.
dietitian
A health professional who specialises in human nutrition.
digestion
The breaking down of food so it can be used by your body. Food is digested
as it moves through your mouth, stomach and intestines.
digital rectal examination
An examination of the prostate through the rectum wall. The doctor inserts
a gloved finger into the rectum to feel the shape of the prostate.
dose
The amount of medication taken.
dose titration
Adjustment of medication dose either up or down.
double blind
A trial in which neither the patient nor their doctor knows what treatment
the patient is receiving, to reduce bias.
duodenum
(dyoo-e-dee-nem)
The first 30 centimetres of the small bowel. The stomach empties into
the duodenum.
dry orgasm
Sexual climax without the release of semen from the penis.
dysplasia
A change in size, shape and arrangement of normal cells. Dysplastic cells
are abnormal but are not cancerous. They may develop into cancer. Dysplasia
is either low grade or high grade.
dysplastic naevus
A mole with irregular shape and patchy colour.
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E
ejaculation
When the semen is forced through the urethra and out of the penis.
eligibility criteria
Characterists of the people for whom the trial is suitable.
emphysema
A condition in which the alveoli of the lungs are enlarged and damaged. It
reduces the lung's surface area, causing breathing difficulties.
endocervical cells
The cells lining the inside of the cervix.
endometrial
(endo-meet-ree-al)
The inner lining of the uterus or womb.
endometrial sampling
Taking a biopsy or sample of the lining of the uterus to test for cancer
or other conditions.
endorectal ultrasound
An imaging test to measure rectal cancer.
endoscopy
(end-oss-copp-ee)
Examination of the upper part of the gut using an endoscope. This is a
thin flexible tube like the colonoscope and enables the doctor to see
the lining of the oesophagus, stomach and duodenum
energy (calories or kilojoules)
Energy is counted in calories or kilojoules. Calories provide fuel for our
daily activities. Calories are provided only by the food and drink we eat,
ie. fat, carbohydrate and protein. Not enough calories (in food eaten) results
in weight loss.
enrich
To add extra energy or protein to ordinary food.
enteral feeding tube
A fine flexible plastic tube may be used to give liquid feed into the stomach
if a person is unable to eat.
epidural
An injection into the spinal column, outside the lining of the spinal cord.
epithelial abnormality
Changes in the cells of the cervix. These changes may be low grade or high
grade.
epithelium
The cells that make up the internal and external surfaces of the body, for
example, skin, inside of lungs, ovaries.
erythrocytes
Red blood cells. These cells carry oxygen from the lungs to the rest of the
body.
essential fatty acids
Types of fat in our food that are necessary for good health.
ethics committee
A hospital committee that reviews the plan for a clinical trial to ensure
it is safe and ethical.
epidermis
One of two main layers that make up the skin. The epidermis is the surface
layer.
external beam radiotherapy
Uses x-rays directed from an external machine.
external genitalia
Known collectively as the vulva. Includes the clitoris, labia minora, labia
majora and mons pubis.
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F
faecal occult blood test
A test for the presence of invisible blood in bowel motions.
faeces
The solid waste you get rid of when you go to the toilet (also called 'bowel
motions', or 'poo' or 'shit').
fact sheet
An information sheet for people in a trial that should explain everything
they need to know about the trial and its treatment. Also known as participant
or subject information sheet.
fallopian tubes
The two long, finger-like tubes that extend from the uterus to the ovaries.
The Fallopian tubes carry fertilised eggs from the ovary to the uterus.
familial adenomatous polyposis coli (FAP)
A hereditary condition that causes hundreds of small growths (polyps) in the
bowel of the person affected. If left untreated, FAP always turns into bowel
cancer. Only about 1% of bowel cancer is due to FAP.
familial
(fa-mi-lee ul)
Indicates that a condition that can be inherited from through the generations
of a family through one or more genes.
faecal occult blood test
(FOBT)
A test for tiny amounts of blood in a person's bowel motion.
faeces
(fee-seez)
Bowel motions; waste matter passed from the gut via the anus (back passage).
fertility
Ability to have children.
fine needle aspiration
A procedure in which a fine needle is used to suck up cells from a tumour,
for a biopsy.
fibre
The indigestible part of plant foods, sometimes called roughage.
frequency
How often the medication is taken.
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G
gastroenterologist
A doctor who specialises in diseases of the digestive system.
gene
The elements of a cell that carry instructions on how the cell should
grow and function. Each person has a set of many thousands of genes inherited
from both parents. This set is found in every cell of the body.
gene therapy
Treatment aimed at correcting or interfering with a genetic abnormality causing
cancer.
general anaesthetic
A general anaesthetic makes you lose consciousness and fall asleep. You can't
feel anything at all.
general practitioner
General practitioners diagnose, refer and treat the health problems of individuals
and families in the community. Also commonly referred to as family doctors.
genes
The tiny factors that govern the way the body's cells
grow and behave. Each person has a set of many thousands of genes inherited
from both parents. These genes are found in every cell of the body.
genitals
The sexual organs.
germ cells
Cells that produce eggs in females and sperm in males. Germ cell cancers can
occur in the ovaries or testicles.
Gleason score
A way of grading prostate cancer. Low-grade cancers (2,3,4) are slower growing
than high grade (8,9,10).
glucose supplement
A type of sugar. A good source of energy (calories) that often tastes less
sweet than sugar.
GP
See general practitioner.
grade
A score that describes how quickly the tumour is likely to grow.
graft-versus-host disease
A side effect of allogeneic stem cell or bone marrow transplantation. The
new cells (the graft) react against your tissue (the host).
granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (G-CSF)
A protein that helps increase the number and function of certain white blood
cells called neutrophils. These help fight infection in the bone marrow.
gynaecological oncologist
A doctor who specialises in treating diseases of the female reproductive system.
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H
haematologist
A doctor who specialises in treating diseases of the blood, bone marrow and
lymphatic system.
Haemorrhoids
Enlarged blood vessels on or just inside the anus, usually caused by long
periods of constipation (also called 'piles').
heartburn
Also called reflux. Occurs when acidic juices from the stomach flow back up
into the tube connecting mouth and stomach (oesophagus). This causes a burning
pain in the middle of the chest usually 1-2 hours after eating.
hepatic arterial infusion
Chemotherapy delivered directly through a tube into the artery to the liver.
hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC)
A condition in some families where the tendency to develop bowel cancer is
inherited. Up to 5% of all bowel cancer is due to HNPCC. About 80% of people
who have the gene for HNPCC will develop a bowel cancer in their life.
high grade tumour
A tumour that grows faster and spreads more quickly than other tumours.
HNPCC family
A group of relatives in which it is known, or strongly suspected, that
an HNPCC gene mutation is present, based on their extensive family history
of bowel and perhaps other cancers.
Hodgkin’s disease
A type of lymphoma.
hormone
A substance that affects how your body works. Some hormones control growth,
others control reproduction. They are distributed around the body through
the bloodstream.
hormone replacement therapy
The use of hormones to treat the symptoms of menopause.
hormone therapy
A treatment to blocks the body’s natural hormones that help cancer grow.
hormone treatment
A treatment that blocks the body’s natural hormones, which help cancer
grow.
Human Papilloma Virus
Also called HPV or wart virus. A group of viruses that can cause infection
in the skin surface of different areas of the body including the genital area.
hydrocephalus
Build-up of cerebrospinal fluid in the brain.
hysterectomy
The surgical removal of the uterus.
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I
ileorectal anastomosis
(il-ee-o-rec-tul a-nas-ta-moh-sis)
Surgery where the colon is removed and the end of the ileum is joined
up to the rectum.
ileum
(il-ee-em)
The lower half of the small bowel, which joins up with the colon.
immune system
The body's natural defence system. It protects against anything it recognises
as an invader, for example bacteria, viruses, transplanted organs and tissues,
tumour cells and parasites.
immunotherapy
The use of drugs that stimulate the body to fight infection.
impotence
Inability to obtain and maintain an erection firm enough for penetration.
incontinence
Inability to hold or control the loss of urine or faeces.
indolent lymphoma
A slow-growing cancer that starts in the cells of the lymphatic system.
informed consent form
The form a person signs to show that they understand the information they
have been given about a trial and they agree to take part.
informed decision-making (informed consent)
A process in which a patient makes a decision – about a clinical trial
or treatment – after being given information that they fully understand
and give their consent in writing.
infusion
A slow injection of a substance into a vein or other tissue.
interferon
A substance that occurs naturally within your body and which enhances your
immune system's fight against viruses. Interferon is manufactured for use
as a medication, and has shown anti-tumour activity against some uncommon
cancers.
intolerance
Unable to digest properly.
intravenous
Into a vein. An intravenous drip gives drugs directly into a vein.
invasive cervical cancer
Cancer that has spread from the surface of the cervix to tissue deeper in
the cervix or to other parts of the body.
investigator
A researcher in a treatment trial.
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J
jejunum
The part of the small bowel below the duodenum and leading into the ileum.
K
keratoses
Also called sunspots, they are a sign of sun damage to the skin. They appear
as flattish scaly areas on the skin.
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L
labia majora
The outer lips of the vagina.
labia minora
The inner lips of the vagina. These join at the top to cover the clitoris
with a fatty hood.
lactate dehydrogenase
A chemical found in the bloodstream of some men with seminoma testicular cancer.
lactose
A type of sugar that is found in milk and some milk products.
laparotomy
A surgical cut made in the abdomen to allow the doctor to examine some of
the organs in the lower abdomen and pelvis.
large bowel
Lower part of the digestive tract, which consists of the colon and rectum.
Also called the large intestine.
large cell carcinoma
A type of lung cancer that usually develops in the airways and is characterised
by large rounded cells.
laxative
Something to stop constipation.
leucocytes
White blood cells. These cells fight infection.
leukaemia
A cancer of the white blood cells.
LHRH
See luteinising hormone releasing hormone.
libido
Sex drive.
local anaesthetic
A medication that blocks the feeling of pain in a specific location in the
body.
localised prostate cancer
Early-stage prostate cancer that has not spread beyond the prostate gland.
lobe
The sections that make up the lungs - the left lung has two lobes and the
right lung has three lobes.
lobectomy
A surgical operation to remove a lobe of a lung.
Low grade tumour
Tumours are those that tend to grow more slowly.
lumbar puncture
A test in which a needle is inserted into the base of your spine. It is used
to collect fluid for testing and sometimes to inject drugs for treatment.
lumpectomy
An operation to remove a breast lump and surrounding tissue while keeping
ost of the breast intact. Also called breast conserving surgery.
Luteinising hormone releasing hormone (LHRH)
This hormone controls the production of testosterone and is used as a treatment
for men with prostate cancer. LHRH is given as a monthly or three-monthly
injection. This treatment will not cure the cancer but can often slow down
its growth for some years.
lungs
The two spongy organs in the chest cavity, made up of large numbers of tiny
air sacs.
lymph
A clear fluid that circulates around the body through the lymphatic system,
carrying cells that fight infection.
lymphadenectomy
Removal of the lymph glands from a part of the body.
lymphocyte
A type of white blood cell that helps fight infection.
lymphoedema
Swelling caused by a build-up of lymph fluid. This happens when lymph nodes
do not drain properly, usually after lymph glands are removed.
lymphoma
A general term for cancers that develop in the lymphatic system. There are
two main types of lymphomas: non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma and Hodgkin’s
disease.
lymph nodes
Also called lymph glands. Small, bean-shaped collections of lymph cells scattered
across the lymphatic system. They get rid of bacteria and other harmful things.
There are lymph nodes in the neck, armpit, groin and abdomen.
lymph vessels
A network of thin tubes that spread into tissues all over the body.
lymphatic system
A network of vessels that carry a clear fluid called lymph from the body's
tissues to the bloodstream. The lymphatic system is part of the body's immune
system and helps the body fight infection.
Lynch syndrome
An alternative term for HNPCC.
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M
malignant
Cancerous. Malignant cells can spread and can eventually cause death if they
cannot be treated.
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
Similar to a CT scan, but this test uses magnetism instead of x-rays to build
up cross-sectional pictures of the body.
malignant
Cancer. Malignant cells can spread (metastasise) and can eventually cause
death if they cannot be treated.
mammogram
An x-ray of the breast which can pick up cancers when they are still too small
to be felt.
mastectomy
The surgical removal of the whole breast.
mediastinum
The region in the chest between the lungs. It contains the heart and large
blood vessels, the oesophagus, the trachea and many lymph nodes.
medical oncologist
A clinician specialising in the treatment of cancer using chemotherapy and
other drug therapies.
melanin
The brown pigment that gives the skin its colour. It protects the body against
the damaging effect of ultraviolet rays from sunlight
and tanning machines in solariums.
melanocytes
Cells in the epidermis and elsewhere
that produce melanin.
melanoma
Cancer of the melanocytes. The cancer usually appears
on the skin, but may affect the eye and mucous membranes (e.g. lining of the
mouth and nasal passages). Excessive exposure to UV
radiation contributes to the development of melanoma.
menopause
The time when women stop having periods, usually between the ages of 45 and
55.
menstruation
A woman's monthly bleed from the vagina, also called 'periods'.
mesothelioma
A tumour of the membranes around the lungs (pleura). Exposure to asbestos
can cause mesothelioma.
meta-analysis
A process in which the results of a number of clinical trials assessing the
same question are summarised, compared and combined.
metastasis
Also known as a secondary cancer. A cancer that has spread from another part
of the body.
MGUS
Some people have a blood test result that usually indicates multiple myeloma,
but they don't actually have the disease. This is called MGUS, which stands
for monoclonal gammopathy of unknown significance. If you have MGUS, you do
not have any other signs of multiple myeloma. However, you will need regular
checkups in case you develop it in the future.
microinvasive cancer
Cancer cells that have just broken through the bottom layer of the surface
of the cervix
minerals
Components of our food that are essential for our body (similar to vitamins).
Mohs technique
A specialised surgical procedure for removing skin cancers one segment at
a time.
mons pubis
The area of fatty tissue covered with pubic hair.
MMR genes
Mis Match Repair genes. Genes which instruct the
cell on how to repair changes and which, when a mutation is present, results
in HNPCC.
MSI
Microsatellite Instability, a test for a genetic pattern
that is sometimes found in bowel cancer cells.
multidisciplinary team
A health care team consisting of a group of experts, including doctors, nurses
and other health professionals who specialise in the treatment of specific
types of cancer. Most doctors who treat the common types of cancer work with
experts in a multidisciplinary team.
A multidisciplinary team can include a general practitioner, a surgeon, a
medical oncologist, a radiation oncologist, a palliative care specialist,
a nurse consultant, nurses, a dietician, a physiotherapist, an occupational
therapist, a social worker, a psychologist, a counsellor and a pastoral care
worker.
mucous membranes
membranes that line the walls of the digestive tract and come in contact with
the food that we eat. Mucous membranes play an important role in our digestion
of food by helping to lubricate and moving it towards the anus.
mutation
A change in a gene causing it to show a new characteristic.
myeloid
One of the two groups of white blood cells. The myeloid group includes white
blood cells, red cells and platelets.
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N
naevi
Also called moles, they are a group of melanocytes.
nausea
Feeling sick or wanting to be sick.
neoplasia
Any new or abnormal growth of tissues , in which the growth is uncontrolled
and progressive.
nerve block
Pain medication that is injected directly into or around a nerve or into the
spine to block pain.
nerve sparing
A type of surgery to save the nerves that affect ejaculation.
neurologist
A doctor who specialises in the structure, functioning and diseases of the
nervous system (including the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves).
neurone
A cell specialised to transmit electrical nerve impulses, thereby carrying
information from one part of the body to the other.
neurosurgeon
A surgeon who specialises in operations on the nervous system.
neutrophils
A type of white blood cell that fights infection in the bone marrow.
non-melanoma skin cancer
Skin cancer that doesn’t develop from the melanocytic cells, eg basal
cell and squamous cell cancer.
non-seminoma
A type of testicular cancer. Non-seminomas include choriocarcinoma, embryonal
carcinoma, teratoma and yolk sac tumour.
non-small cell lung carcinoma
One of the two main groups of lung cancers. This group includes squamous cell
carcinoma, adenocarcinoma, large cell carcinoma, bronchiolo-alveolar cell
carcinoma and mesothelioma.
nutrition
The process of eating and digesting the necessary food the body needs.
nutrition supplement
A food or drink that provides extra energy, protein and/or vitamins.
nutritious/nourishing
Food that is a good source of energy (calories) and/or protein as well as
vitamins and minerals.
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O
occupational therapist
A rehabilitation professional who assists individuals to compensate for functional
limitations as a result of an injury, illness or disability by learning skills
and techniques needed to perform activities of daily living and optimize independence.
oedema
Abnormally large amounts of fluid in the tissues.
oesophagus
The tube that carries food from the throat to the stomach.
oestrogen
The main female sex hormone produced mostly by the ovaries. Oestrogen regulates
the menstrual cycle and prepares the breasts for milk production.
omentum
A protective apron of fatty tissue over the abdominal organs.
oncologist
A doctor who specialises in the study and treatment of cancer.
oncology
The study of tumours or cancer.
oophorectomy
The removal of one or both ovaries.
opioids
The strongest pain relievers available. Include morphine, fentanyl, codeine,
oxycodone, hydromorphone and methadone.
orchidectomy
Also called orchiectomy. An operation to remove one or both testicles.
orgasm
Sexual climax.
osteoporosis
A decrease in bone mass, causing bones to become fragile. This makes them
brittle and liable to break.
ovary
The main female reproductive organ. They are two small almond-shaped glands
found on either side of the uterus, close to the end of the Fallopian tubes.
The ovaries contain and release an egg about once a month in fertile women.
They also produce the sex hormones, oestrogen, progesterone and testosterone.
ovulation
The release of an egg during the menstrual cycle.
ovum
The female egg produced by the ovary.
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P
palliative care
Treatment to relieve symptoms without trying to cure the disease.
palliative care nurse
A nurse with special training easing of cancer-related symptoms. Palliative
care nurses work with a team in the hospital and can also visit the patient
at home.
palliative treatment
Treatment to relieve symptoms without trying to cure the disease.
Pap smear
Also called Pap test. A test that can detect changes in cervical cells. Some
cells are scraped off the cervix and sent to a laboratory for examination
under a microscope.
paracentesis
The drainage of excess fluid from the abdomen.
partial mastectomy
An operation to remove a breast cancer and a small amount of the surrounding
healthy breast tissue. This is a type of breast conserving surgery, like lumpectomy,
but where more of the breast is removed.
participant information sheet
An information sheet that explains everything a participant needs to know
about the trial and treatment. Also known as a fact sheet.
pathologist
A person who studies diseases to understand their nature and cause.
pelvis/pelvic
The lower part of the trunk of the body: roughly, the area that extends from
hip to hip and waist to groin.
peripheral stem cell transplantation
The replacement of stem cells damaged by chemotherapy with healthy stem cells.
peripherally inserted central venous catheter
A catheter surgically inserted into your arm.
peritoneum
The lining of the abdomen.
peer review
A process in which independent experts check something. For example, ethics
committees include peer review by getting independent experts to check all
clinical trials before they can go ahead. Medical journals also have a peer
review process, in which experts check articles before they are accepted for
publication.
PET scan
Positron emission tomography. A technique used to build up clear and detailed
cross-section pictures of the body. The person is injected with a glucose
solution containing a small amount of radioactive material. The PET scanner
can ‘see’ the radioactive substance. Damaged or cancerous cells
show up as areas where the glucose solution is being used.
Peyronie's disease
Pain in the penis as it becomes erect. The penis may develop a curve with
erection.
physiotherapist
A professional qualified to assess, plan and implement programmes of physical
rehabilitation for people who have suffered muscular or other motor disabilities
or injuries.
Philadelphia chromosome
An abnormal chromosome associated with CML. It carries instructions for the
body to produce a particular protein, which makes too many too many white
blood cells.
Placebo
A dummy pill or injection, which looks like the new treatment being tested
but contains no drug.
plasma
The clear fluid part of the blood that carries blood cells.
plateau
A prolonged period of stable disease, where the disease is present but well
controlled.
platelets
One of three types of cells found in the blood. These help the blood to clot
and stop bleeding.
pleura
Membranes that line the chest wall and cover the lungs.
pleural cavity
The space that lies between the two layers of the pleura and normally contains
a thin film of fluid.
pleural effusion
An abnormal build-up of fluid in the lining of the lungs. This fluid can be
drained away by a procedure called a pleural aspiration or a pleural tap.
pneumonectomy
A surgical operation to remove a whole lung.
pneumonia
A bacterial infection in the lungs which causes some of the air sacs fill
up with pus.
polypectomy
Removal of a polyp.
polyp
An abnormal growth or adenoma often on a stalk.
polyposis
The condition of having large numbers of polyps in the large bowel.
pre-cancerous
A term used to describe a condition that may or is likely to become a cancer.
premature ejaculation
The inability to delay the time of ejaculation.
premature menopause
Menopause that occurs before the age of 40.
prevention trial
Trials that test new approaches that doctors believe may lower the risk of
getting cancer.
primary cancer
The original cancer. Cells from the primary cancer may break away and be carried
to other parts of the body, where secondary cancers form.
primary site
The initial location of a cancer in the body when it is first diagnosed.
progesterone
A female sex hormone produced mostly by the ovaries.
prognosis
The likely outcome of a person's disease.
prostate
A gland about the size of a walnut found only in men. It produces part of
the fluid that makes up semen.
prostate specific antigen (PSA)
A protein produced by prostate cells. It can be used to test for prostate
cancer or to monitor its recurrence.
prostatectomy
An operation to remove all or part of the prostate.
prosthesis
An artificial replacement for a lost part of the body.
protein
An essential part of our food which the body needs to repair itself and build
muscle. Must be supplied by food.
protocol
An action plan that describes what will be done in the study and why.
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Q
quality of life
A measure of how cancer and its treatment affect a person’s day-to-day
functioning.
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R
radiation oncologist
A doctor who specialises in treating cancer with radiotherapy.
radiation therapist
A health professional (not a medical doctor) who administers radiotherapy.
radical prostatectomy
An operation to remove the entire prostate and some of the tissue around it.
radiotherapy
The use of radiation, usually x-rays or gamma rays, to kill cancer cells or
injure them so they cannot grow or multiply.
randomisation
A method used to prevent bias in research. A computer is used to put patients
into groups by chance, like drawing cards from a pack. This ensures that the
group can be compared at the end of the study.
randomised controlled trial
A trial in which participants are randomly allocated to receive the new treatment
or the standard treatment (the control).
rectal bleeding
Bleeding from your anus, which may be seen in your faeces or on the toilet
paper.
rectum
The last 12-15 centimetres of the large bowel, which opens to the outside
at the anus. The faeces collect in the rectum before they are passed as
a bowel motion.
recurrent cancer
A cancer that grows from the cells of a primary cancer that have evaded treatment.
red blood cells
Also called erythrocytes. One of three types of cells found in the blood.
They carry oxygen around the body.
rehabilitation
The process of restoring a patient to optimal health after they have completed
their cancer treatment. Rehabilitation can involve diet, physiotherapy, occupational
therapy and counselling.
relapse
The return of a disease after a period of improvement.
remission
Period of time when the symptoms of the cancer reduce or disappear. A partial
remission is when there has been a significant improvement in the cancer.
A complete remission is when there is no evidence of active disease. This
does not necessarily mean that the cancer is cured.
resection
Surgical removal of a portion of any part of the body.
respiratory
Relating to the lungs.
retrograde ejaculation
The sperm travels backwards into the bladder, instead of forwards out of the
penis. Retrograde ejaculation may be caused by damage to nerves during a lymphadenectomy
or during other surgery on the prostate.
risk
A measure of how likely a person is to develop a disease or a side effect.
risk factor
A substance or condition that increases an individual's chances of getting a
particular type of cancer.
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S
screening
An organised program to identify disease, such as cancer, before symptoms
appear.
screening trial
A trial that tests the best way to find cancer, especially in its early stages.
scrotum
The external pouch of skin behind the penis containing the testes.
secondary cancer
Also called a metastasis. A tumour that has spread from the original site
to another part of the body.
semen
The fluid, containing sperm and secretions from the testicles and seminal
vesicles, ejaculated from the penis during sexual climax.
seminal vesicles
Glands that lie very close to the prostate and produce secretions which form
part of the semen.
sentinel node
A lymph node that a tumour drains into through the lymphatic
system.
sex-cord stromal cells
Cells of the ovary that release the female hormones.
side effect
Unintended effects of a drug or treatment.
sigmoid colon
The last 20-25 centimetres of the colon, which leads into the rectum.
sigmoidoscopy
Examination of the rectum and sigmoid colon using a sigmoidoscope. This
is a narrow lighted tube. It is inserted gently through the anus, and
gives a view of the lining of the bowel.
skin graft
A piece of skin moved from one part of the body to another to cover a wound.
small cell carcinoma
A type of lung cancer strongly associated with cigarette smoking. It spreads
early and causes few initial symptoms.
smouldering multiple myeloma
Early disease which does not cause the person any problems and does not need
treatment. Patients have some signs of myeloma, but no evidence of active
bone destruction or any other features of active myeloma.
solar keratosis
A flat scaly patch on the skin caused by too much sun (also called a 'sun
spot'). These may be the same colour as your skin, or red, or any colour in
between. Occasionally a solar keratosis can turn into cancer.
specialist
A doctor who specialises in a particular area of medicine. Cancer specialists
are called oncologists.
speculum
An instrument shaped like a duck bill. It is used to hold open the sides of
the vagina
sperm
The male sex cell. It is made in the testes.
spermatic cord
A cord that runs from the testicle to the penis. The spermatic cord contains
the tube that carries sperm, blood vessels, nerves and lymph vessels.
spinal cord
The portion of the central nervous system enclosed in the spinal column, consisting
of nerve cells and bundles of nerves connecting all parts of the body with
the brain.
spleen
An organ located on the left side of the abdomen under your ribs. It is part
of the lymphatic system. The spleen produces lymphocytes, filters the blood,
stores blood cells, and destroys old blood cells.
sputum
Liquid coughed up from the lungs. Also known as phlegm.
sputum cytology test
Examination of sputum under a microscope to look for cancer cells.
squamous cell carcinoma (SCC)
A cancer that arises in the squamous or skin-like cells of the cervix.
stage
The extent of a cancer and whether the disease has spread from an original
site to other parts of the body.
staging
Tests to find out how far a cancer has spread.
standard treatment
The best proven treatment, based on results of past research.
stem cells
Early-stage blood cells from which other cells develop. Stem cells are found
in the bone marrow.
stem cell transplant
A method of replacing early-stage blood cells destroyed by cancer treatment.
The stem cells are given to people after treatment to help the bone marrow
recover and continue producing healthy blood cells.
stent
A tube made of metal or plastic that is inserted into a vessel or passage
to keep it open.
steroid therapy
Treatment with drugs to reduce swelling, pain and other symptoms of inflammation.
steroids
Hormones used in the treatment of disease.
stoma
An artificial opening into the body created by surgery to act as an exit for
body wastes.
stomal therapist
A registered nurse who specialises in caring for people who have stomas.
supportive care
Improving the comfort and quality of life for people with cancer.
surgeon
A doctor who performs surgery to remove cancerous tissue.
survivorship
A term applied to those who have survived cancer and are now living with the
physical and psychological effects of the experience.
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T
Tamoxifen
The most commonly used hormone treatment for breast cancer. Oestrogen stimulates
some breast cancers to grow, and tamoxifen works by stopping oestrogen from
entering the cancer cells (it is an anti-oestrogen drug). It can sometimes
stop breast cancer from spreading or from coming back. Tamoxifen is taken
as a tablet every day, usually for two to five years.
testes
Also called testicles. Two egg-shaped glands that produce sperm and the male
sex hormone, testosterone. They are found in the scrotum.
testicles
(see testes)
testosterone
The major male sex hormone produced by the testes. It promotes the development
of male sex characteristics.
Therapy
Another word for treatment, and includes chemotherapy, radiotherapy, hormone
therapy and surgery.
thoracentesis
A medical procedure to draw up fluid or air from the chest using a hollow
needle.
thymus
An organ found inside the rib cage, behind the breastbone. It contains many
lymphocytes and helps filter the blood.
tissue
A collection of cells that make up each piece (or organ) of the body.
tissue biopsy
Examination of tissue that has been removed from the body under a microscope
so any abnormalities in the cells can be seen.
Tomography
See computerised tomography or CT.
tonsils
A collection of lymphoid tissue at the back of the throat.
topical chemotherapy
Treatment with a drug that is applied to an area of your skin, rather than
being given by injection or tablet.
trachea (windpipe)
The pipe through which air passes to reach the lungs. The trachea starts in
the neck, immediately below the voice box (larynx), and descends a few centimetres
into the chest before branching to form the two bronchi, one of which goes
into each lung.
total mesorectal excision
An operation to remove the rectum and surrounding tissue.
transformation zone
The area where the squamous cells and glandular cells meet
transurethral resection of the prostate
Also called TURP. A surgical procedure to remove tissue from the prostate
that is restricting urinary flow. It uses an instrument inserted through the
urethra.
transvaginal ultrasonography
An examination on which an ultrasound instrument is inserted into the
vagina to give a clear picture of the inside of the uterus and the ovaries.
treatment group
A group receiving the same treatment. Randomised trials include tow or more
treatment groups which are compared at the end of the trial.
treatment trial
A trial that tests a new treatment.
tumour
A new or abnormal growth of tissue on or in the body.
tumour markers
Chemicals produced by cancer cells and released into the blood. These may
suggest the presence of a tumour in the body. Some tumours will not have any
tumour markers.
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U
ulcers
A small wound in skin or lining of mouth or stomach. May be sore and swollen.
ultrasound
The use of soundwaves to build up a picture of the internal parts of the body.
ultraviolet (UV) radiation
The part of sunlight that causes sunburn and skin damage. It is also transmitted
by solariums, tanning lamps and sunbeds. Ultraviolet radiation is invisible
and does not feel hot
urethra
The tube that carries urine from the bladder out through the penis and to
the outside of the body.
urologist
A surgeon who specialises in treating diseases of the urinary system.
uterus
Also called the womb. It is a hollow muscular organ shaped like an upside-down
pear and located between the bladder and the bowel. It holds and nourishes
a fertilised egg and pushes out the baby during childbirth.
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V
vagina
A muscular canal about eight to 10 centimetres long that extends from the
entrance of the uterus to the outer sex organs.
vaginismus
A spasm in the vagina that may prevent sexual intercourse.
Vas deferens
Tube that carries the sperm from the testes to the prostate.
vitamins
Essential substances found in food and needed by the body to burn energy,
repair tissue, assist metabolism and fight infections.
vulva
The outer sex organs. They include the mons pubis, labia majora, labia minora
and the clitoris.
vulvodynia
Pain in the vulva area.
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W
wart virus
See Human Papilloma Virus
wedge resection
Surgery to remove part of a lung, but not a complete lobe.
white blood cells
Also called leucocytes. One of three types of cells found in the blood. They
help the body fight infection.
womb
Also called the uterus.
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